CLAUSES
1. ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
1.1. DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
RELATIVE PRONOUNS
| SUBJECT | OBJECT | POSSESSIVE | |
| Person | who
that |
who* / whom
that |
whose
|
| Thing | which
that |
which
that |
whose
of which |
*who as object is commonly used in informal speaking.
We use Relative Pronoun as conjunctions.
1.1.1. PERSON
1.1.1.1 Subject ( * The subject of the clause ) : WHO
e.g. The police have arrested the man.
He robbed some banks in our city.
The combination of the two sentences is :
The police have arrested the man who robbed some banks in our city.
The girl is very intelligent.
She wants to continue her study abroad.
The combination is :
The girl who wants to continue her study abroad is very intelligent.
* What is underlined is called “Adjective Clause” as it explains the noun.
1.1.1.2. Object of a verb : WHOM (in formal uses), WHO (used in conversation)
( * We can omit the relative pronoun )
e.g. The man is learning a weather map seriously.
We want to meet him.
The combination is :
The man whom we want to meet is learning a weather map seriously. ( = The man we want to meet is learning a weather map seriously.)
Mr. Andi, the director of this company will meet the men.
He has employed them for five years.
The combination is :
Mr. Andi, the director of this company will meet the men whom he has employed for five years. ( = Mr. Andi, the director of this company will meet the men he has employed for five years.)
1.1.1.3. Object of preposition : WHOM
e.g. The man is the richest in this town.
I spoke to him yesterday.
The combination is :
The man whom I spoke to yesterday is the richest in this town. (= The man to whom I spoke yesterday is the richest in this town. = The man I spoke to yesterday is the richest in this town.)
We don’t trust the salesman.
We bought these goods from him.
The combination is :
We don’t trust the salesman whom we bought these goods from. ( = We don’t trust the salesman from whom we bought these goods =We don’t trust the salesman we bought these goods from.)
1.1.1.4. Possessive : WHOSE
e.g. The people must pay a high tax.
The people’s salaries are more than fifty millions a year.
The combination is :
The people whose salaries are more than fifty millions a year must pay a high tax.
The film is about a spy.
His wife betrays him.
The combination is :
The film is about a spy whose wife betrays him.
I know the man.
You borrowed his book.
The combination is :
I know the man whose book you borrowed.
1.1.2. THINGS
1.1.2.1. Subject : WHICH
e.g. This is the picture.
It caused a great sensation.
The combination is :
This is the picture which caused a great sensation.
The stairs are rather slippery.
They lead to the cellar.
The combination is :
The stairs which lead to the cellar are rather slippery.
1.1.2.2.Object of a verb : WHICH
e.g. The car broke down after five kilometers.
I hired it.
The combination is :
The car which I hired broke down after five kilometers. ( = The car I hired broke down after five kilometers.)
We hate the lesson.
Mr. A teaches it.
The combination is :
We hate the lesson which Mr. A teaches. ( = We hate the lesson Mr. A teaches.)
1.1.2.3.Object of preposition : WHICH
e.g. The ladder began to slip.
I was standing on it.
The combination is :
The ladder which I was standing on began to slip. ( = The ladder on which I was standing began to slip = The ladder I was standing on began to slip.)
We need a room.
We can sleep in it.
The combination is :
We need a room which we can sleep in. ( = We need a room in which we can sleep = We need a room we can sleep in.)
1.1.2.4. We can replace “in/at which (of place )” with “WHERE”.
e.g. We need a room in which we can sleep.
We need a room which we can sleep in.
We need a room where we can sleep.
The bus station at which I saw him for the first time has been renovated.
The bus station which I saw him for the first time has been renovated at.
The bus station where I saw him for the first time has been renovated.
1.1.2.5. “in/at/on which (of time)” can be replaced by “WHEN”.
e.g. The day on which we had a first date was very wonderful.
The day which we had a first date was very wonderful on.
The day when we had a first date was very wonderful.
I can’t remember the year in which I got the very terrible accident.
I can’t remember the year which I got the very terrible accident in.
I can’t remember the year when I got the very terrible accident.
1.1.2.6. “WHY” can replace “for which”
e.g. The reason for which they cancel the game can be understood.
The reason why they cancel the game can be understood.
1.1.2.7. Possessive : WHOSE
e.g. Living in a special house will be horrible.
Its walls are made of glass.
The combination is :
Living in a special house whose walls are made of glass will be horrible.
1.2. NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSE
RELATIVE PRONOUNS
Non-defining relative clauses are placed before nouns which are definite already. Therefore, they do not define the nouns but add some information only. Unlike defining clauses, they can be omitted without causing confusion and are separated from their nouns by commas. “THAT” cannot be used in this construction and object relative pronouns can’t be left out.
1.2.1. Persons
1.2.1.1. subject : WHO
e.g. – Gita, who is the most cute child in my family, is trying to stand by herself.
-I need to talk to my manager, who gave a list of some recommendations.
1.2.1.2. object of a verb : WHO, WHOM
e.g. – My brother, whom my best friend loves, becomes a chief of International Engineer Organization.
-Everyone suspected Joe, whom they saw inside that room.
1.2.1.3. object of a preposition : WHOM
e.g. – Mr. T, with whom I have an experiment, is very intelligent.
-Don’t you know her sister, to whom we gave our report ?
1.2.1.4. possessive : WHOSE
e.g. – Ditto, whose club won the Mathematics competition, has a certain project for teenagers.
-Would you like to inform Mr Andre, whose firm is the biggest in our region?
1.2.2. Things
1.2.2.1. subject : WHICH
e.g. – My dog, which fell from the fence yesterday, is getting better now.
-Look at this book, which has interesting cover!
1.2.2.2. object of a verb : WHICH
e.g. – These data, which we found in his shelf, are not complete.
-Tell me about your new piano, which your father gave on your birthday!
1.2.2.3. object of preposition : WHICH
e.g. – This pipe, through which the gas passes, is safe enough.
-Everyone knows Bali, in which we can enjoy some beautiful panorama.
1.2.2.4. possessive : WHOSE
e.g. – His house, whose garden is very impressing, was visited by some artists yesterday.
-We prefer this machine, whose speed is amazing.
- N O U N C L A U S E
The conjunctions that are used for connecting the main clause and the sub clause are :that and all of wh-questions such as, who, where, which, etc.
The positions of Noun Clause in a sentence are :
2.1. as subject
e.g. – That she could win the first prize in that competition makes everyone surprised.
-What I wrote contains many mistakes.
2.2. as object of a verb
e.g. – Oh … My God! I forget that I have to call him up before dinner.
-Don’t you know who has just met your parents?
- Some verbs which can be followed by “that clause” are:
admit, agree, be afraid, be anxious, believe, confess, declare, decide, expect, fear, feel, forget, guarantee, hear, hope, imagine, inform, insist, know, mean, promise, prove, realize, suggest, think, wish.
2.3. as object of a preposition
e.g. – Listen! The headmaster has agreed to what we planned.
-The government asks about where the money has gone.
2.4. as complement of to be
e.g. – My question is whose car is parking in front of our gate.
-The problem is that no one will be able to follow the increasing of prices.
- ADVERBIAL CLAUSES
3.1. Adverb clause of time
The conjunctions are after, as soon as , when, while, until, before, since, whenever.
e.g. – He will tell us about the result of the meeting when he arrives.
-He went to bed after he had finished his work.
-They had fixed the car before they started on their vacation.
-He won’t take a rest until he gets tired.
-Her child was crying while she was talking on the phone. (simultaneous actions)
-She cut her finger while she was preparing the dinner. (interrupted action)
-I have looked at a lot of apartments since I moved here in March.
-I’ll send you a cable as soon as I arrive there.
-We are ready to welcome you whenever you intend to stay here.
3.2. Adverb clause of reason
The conjunctions are because, as, since, for
e.g. – She doesn’t like oysters because they make her sick.
-As / Since they have heard so much about him, they want to meet him now.
-They came indoors for it started to rain.
3.3. Adverb clause of concession
The conjunctions are although, though, even though, even if
e.g. – I couldn’t get a taxi although I was in a hurry.
-Even though he always studies hard, he isn’t able to understand trigonometry.
-I’ll eat my dessert even if it makes me fat.
3.4. Adverb clause of purpose
The conjunctions are so that, in order that
e.g. – The notices are written in several languages so that foreign tourists can understand them.
-We should read much in order that we are able to catch up with the information of the new technology.
3.5. Adverb clause of place
The conjunctions are where, wherever
e.g. – We will find him wherever he goes.
-We have decided to have a meeting where no one can disturb us.
3.6. Adverb clause of condition
The conjunctions are if, unless, on condition that
e.g. – We will leave for Surabaya today if they have finished checking all of the data.
-He will get sick again unless he gets a lot of sleep = He will get sick again if he does not get a lot of sleep.
-We may have fun outdoors on condition that the rain stops.
3.7. Adverb clause of manner
The conjunctions are as, as if
e.g. – You should do it well as your director ordered.
-Look at those boys! They are running as if there were a dog running after them.
3.8. Adverb clause of comparison
The conjunctions are as … as, than
e.g. – He slept as soundly as the baby does.
-His explanation is more understandable than I listened from the television.
3.9. Adverb clause of result
The conjunctions are so … that, such … that, so
e.g. – This baggage is so heavy that I can’t carry it by myself.
-The host welcomed us so warmly that we felt comfortable to stay there.
-It was such a huge crowd that I got lost yesterday.
-I do not feel well, so I want to go home and take a rest.
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