Month: July 2018

MODAL VERBS

MODAL VERBS

The General pattern of Modal Auxiliaries in a sentence is

S + Modal Auxiliaries + V1 + C

1. WILL

The uses of WILL :

1.1. in future tenses. (see Tenses)

1.2. to express a REQUEST :

e.g. A : Hey… whats the matter with you? Not feeling well, huh?

B : Will you get me some aspirin?

A : Sure. Here it is. Get some sleep for a moment then.

B : Thanks.

1.3. to express a PROMISE (with first person)

e.g. A : Dont you remember that today is fathers birthday ?

B : Of course, I do.

A : So dont forget to go home earlier!

B : I will.

1.4. to express THREAT (with first person)

e.g. A : I need some points in these three lessons in order to be promoted.

B : What do you want from me?

A : Let me know your answers in the final test.

B : But …

A : I will tell your shameful secret to everyone and send you away from my club.

Another form of WILL is BE GOING TO. It is used when we need two modal verbs in our sentence.

e.g. They may be going to find the other facts. (NOT : They may will find the other facts)

He must be going to observe it in his laboratory.

BE GOING TO is used in future tense also. ( see TENSES )

2. WOULD

The uses of WOULD

2.1. in past future tenses ( see TENSES )

2.2. to express an INVITATION or OFFER

e.g. A : Hey… what are you up to these days?

B : Just fine. And you?

A : Nothing to complain of. Would you join us? We have a small party to celebrate my graduate.

B : I wish I could but I have something to do here. Oh .. congratulation, anyway!

A : Thanks.

2.3. to express a REQUEST ( more polite than WILL ) :

e.g. A : Would you look after my pets? We will be out of the town for two days.

B : I will.

A : Sorry to trouble you.

B : Dont worry.

The other forms of polite request are :

– Would you like to look after my pets?

– Would you mind looking after my pets?

– Would you care to look after my pets?

* WOULD LIKE = WANT in these cases :

e.g. I would like to see some more ( more polite ) = I want to see some more

Would you like to speak to him? = Do you want to speak to him?

* But see this comparison :

A : Would you like to have some tea with us? ( an invitation or offer )

B : Thank you. Id love to.

A : Do you want to have some tea? ( a usual question )

B : Yes, I do / No, I dont

* WOULD RATHER / SOONER ( to show preference )

e.g. He would rather stay here than go with you = He prefers staying here to going with you.

He would rather eat some sea food than chicken = He prefers some sea food to chicken.

3. SHALL

The uses of SHALL :

3.1. The same as WILL, it is used in future tense (see TENSES)

3.2. to express a REQUEST FOR ADVICE OR ORDER

e.g. A : Shall I apologize for not calling her up last night?

B : Why not?

A : But I doubt that she wont accept it.

B : You havent tried it, have you?

3.3. to express an OFFER

e.g. A : Sorry that I make you wait for some minutes.

B : Never mind.

A : It is the busiest day. Theres so much work I have to finish.

B : Shall I help you go over these reports ?

A : I appreciate your help, anyway, but Ill manage it by myself.

3.4. to express a SUGGESTION

e.g. A : There is a speech contest held by the students from English department.

B : Then, what?

A : Shall we take advantage of this chance ?

B : Sounds great !

4. SHOULD

The uses of SHOULD :

4.1. It can replace SHALL in offer, suggestion and request for advice or order.

4.2. to give advice / to say what we think it right or good for others to do

e.g. A : You shouldnt depend on him.

B : But he promised to come and help me. Do you think he will keep his word ?

A : I am not sure. I know him for a long time, as I told you. Hes not a good guy.

4.3. SHOULD with WHY and HOW :

4.3.1. to express INABILITY TO UNDERSTAND

e.g. How should those birds be able to understand the trainers command?

Why should he fire the most faithful employee?

4.3.2. to express IRRITATION or ANGER

e.g. A : Finish it now !

B : Why should I ? You have no right to order me !

 

A : What are they talking about ?

B : How should I know it ? Its not my business and yours, too.

5. OUGHT TO

Its use is the same as SHOULD no. 2

6. MAY

The uses of MAY :

6.1. to express PERMISSION :

6.1.1. to give permission ( affirmative )

e.g. A : Why do you ask for a dog to that man?

B : I will take care of it.

A : Do your parents permit you?

B : Yes, I may keep a pet in my house if I promise to take care of it myself.

6.1.2. to ask for permission ( interrogative )

e.g. A : Excuse me Sir, may I interrupt ?

B : Yes, come in.

A : Someone urges to meet you though I have told that you are having an important meeting.

B : Ask him to get in!

6.1.3. to refuse permission / PROHIBITION ( negative )

e.g. In the school laboratory,

A : We will use some chemical substances which cause our skin burnt if they touch it. So, you may not make a joke here. Dont forget to use the gloves.

B : Yes, Sir !

* In past and perfect tenses we usually use BE ALLOWED TO but in indirect speech we can use MIGHT.

e.g. I was allowed to keep a pet when I was a child. (= My parents allowed me / gave me permission to keep…)

They have been allowed to use their rights in this election.

She said, He may have three days off .

She said that he might have three days off.

BE ALLOWED TO is also used if we want to use two modal verbs in our sentence.

e.g. You will be allowed to leave early if everything is finished. ( NOT : You will may leave …)

The journalists must be allowed to cover up this trial.

6.2. to express POSSIBILITY (in future or present and used in positive and negative only) :

e.g. A : Look at the two young men standing by the pool!

B : Whats wrong?

A : They may be the members of FBI.

B : How do you know ?

A : I often see them where our boss is.

6.3. to express FAITH or HOPE

e.g. A : Listen ! I have got the promotion!!

B : Really? Tell me.

A : When I gave my last proposal this morning, Mr. T told that I should move to the room next to his.

B : Oh … Im glad to hear that. May the great success come to your life! Congratulation!

A : Thank you.

7. MIGHT

The uses of MIGHT :

7.1. as past form of MAY used in indirect speech. (see MAY)

7.2. to express POSSIBILITY (smaller than MAY)

e.g. A : They arent familiar to one another, so it might be easy for them to work in group.

B : I dont think so. Children are always able to adapt to their new environment and friends.

 

A : As those new employees have just graduated, they might be able to handle this unit well.

B : I agree with you. They dont have enough experience.

8. CAN

The uses of CAN :

8.1. to express ABILITY (in present or future)

e.g. A : Hey … can you slow down this car ? Its too slippery.

B : Dont worry, I can control it well. Dont you remember that I am the best motorist ?

A : Dont be so proud of yourself.

* BE ABLE TO is another form of CAN. We use it when there are two modals in our sentence.

e.g. Dont worry, the thief wont be able to break up this box. ( NOT : the thief wont can break up …)

My mechanic may be able to fix it. ( NOT : my mechanic may can fix it )

Every student should be able to think critically. ( NOT : every student should can think …)

He must be able to solve it by himself. ( NOT : he must can solve …)

* BE ABLE TO is also used in PAST and PERFECT tenses.

e.g. She has been able to calm down those people.

He was able to improve his ability by himself.

8.2. to express POSSIBILITY ( affirmative only ). It is different from possibility expressed by MAY.

8.2.1. it means that it is possible if circumstances permit.

e.g. A : I wish that he isnt late. If he misses the interview, he will lose his chance to get what he is eager to reach.

B : I think he can get there in about two hours because the bypass has been opened. So, he will have 30 minutes to prepare himself.

8.2.2. theoretically it is possible.

e.g. A : Please, decrease the temperature quickly! Its more than normal.

B : Why?

A : The pipe can burst out if it is overheated

8.2.3. to give information about the characteristics of persons or things.

e.g. A : What do you think about her?

B : Why do you ask me?

A : You are her cousin, arent you?

B : As far as I know, she is a sensitive girl. She can keep herself away from anyone who hurts her, even her boyfriend, for a long time.

8.3. to express PERMISSION (in affirmative or question only and less formal than MAY)

e.g. A : Can I have some more? (ask for permission)

B : Hey … you are on a diet, arent you?

A : Not in such situation.

B : Hm … thats why you never lose your weight.

 

A : Listen! I have got good news for us. We can collect our assignment next week. ( the speaker doesnt have an authority to give permission)

B : How do you know?

A : The teacher called me this morning and told that there would be a meeting tomorrow , so the discussion would be cancelled.

8.4. to express an OFFER

8.4.1. in positive

e.g. A : You look so confused.

B : It will be my turn to answer after her but I havent got the answer yet.

A : You can use my work

B : No, thank you. The teacher will know that it is yours.

8.4.2. in question

e.g. A : How about the preparation?

B : I dont think that we can finish it today. We still have to contact Mr. D for accommodation.

A : Can I call at his office on the way to my house? I will ring you before dinner.

B : Thats nice of you. Thank you.

A : Dont mention it.

8.5. to express a REQUEST (less formal than WOULD)

e.g. A : I am still confused about this point. Can you explain it to me?

B : Sure, but I cant do it right now because I will have a test. How about in the afternoon?

A : In your house ?

B : Of course, whats the matter?

A : Oh .. I am just afraid that some one will be jealous.

B : Dont be worried, I have no special one.

 

9. COULD

the uses of COULD :

9.1. to express PAST ABILITY (= WAS/WERE ABLE TO)

e.g. A : Have you visited him?

B : Not yet. How is he?

A : He is getting better physically, but it seems that he loses his memories. He could /was able to mention the formulae of solutions accurately and spontaneously, but now he has to think hard to find them.

9.2. to express PAST PERMISSION (= WAS/WERE ALLOWED TO)

e.g. A : Do you remember what we always did in this park when we were children?

B : Yes, we could come here every afternoon to play with our friends.

A : But now, look at the sign! We cant even enter it.

9.3. to express POSSIBILITY :

9.3.1. For affirmative or interrogative sentence, it is the same as MAY / MIGHT.

e.g. Would you open the door? It could / may / might be your friend.

9.3.2. there is a difference between MAY and COULD in negative.

e.g. He couldnt have an answer. (It is impossible that he has an answer )

He may not have an answer. ( perhaps he doesnt have an answer )

9.3.3. COULDNT ( or CANT ) can be used for NEGATIVE CONCLUSION / CERTAINTY ( contrasted to MUST ).

e.g. A : She never comes late.

B : She may forget it.

A : I dont think so, I know her. She always keeps her word. She couldnt / cant have someone to take her. Ill phone her for sure.

9.4. COULD YOU … ? can also be used for introducing a request as an alternative to WOULD YOU…?

e.g. Would you / could you do me a favor ?

10. MUST, HAVE TO and NEED

The uses of MUST :

10.1. To express obligation :

OBLIGATION ABSENCE OF OBLIGATION NEGATIVE OBLIGATION
Future must

will have to

 need not

wont need to

 must not

wont have to
Present must

have to

 need not

dont need to

 must not

dont have to
Past had to didnt have to didnt need to

10.1.1.In affirmative, MUST is used in present and future. For other tenses, we use HAVE TO although it can also be used in present and future (with WILL).

See the difference between MUST and HAVE TO in present or future :

e.g. A MOTHER to HER SON : When you are thirteen next month , your own room will have been finished so you must do your room yourself . Besides, you have been grown up. Be responsible to yourself . (internal obligation or the speakers obligation)

A MOTHER to HER SON : You will have to do your room when you have been in college dormitory as the rule says. You cant pay someone for it . (external obligation or the rule of the dormitory)

* In the first person, HAVE TO is used for habits while MUST for an important or urgent obligation.

e.g. A : Why are you in a hurry?

B : Ditto hasnt come yet. I must call him up to tell that they will arrive in 15 minutes. He is the MC.

 

A : What time is it?

B : 19.45

A : Oh… my GOD, I have to tell my parents that I will be late for dinner.

B : Do you have to do it?

A : Yes, every member of my family will do it. Its our habit whenever we will go home late in order that they arent worried about us.

 

10.1.2. NEED can be treated as an auxiliary and used mainly in negative and interrogative. It has no past form, and usually used for present or future. ( see the table above )

e.g. A : You neednt do it in a hurry. I have put off the meeting till next week. ( The speaker has an authority to state that an action is unnecessary )

B : Yes, Sir!

 

A : Can I borrow your dictionary?

B : What for ?

A : to finish the vocabulary task ! Do you forget about it?

B : Are you daydreaming ? Dont you remember that its always collected at the end of a month? We still have much time. You dont have to / dont need to do it now. ( for habit or negative external obligation )

 

A : You must not do it in a hurry because if you are careless and make a mistake, it will explode. (negative internal obligation / prohibition )

B : but we have limited time, Sir!

A : Dont worry, I will ask Mr. D to help you! Our success depends on you, so do be careful !

10.1.3. There are some possible answers in interrogative using MUST,

QUESTION POSITIVE ANSWER NEGATIVE ANSWER
Shall I have to? Yes, you will No, you wont
Does he have to go? Yes, he does No, he doesnt
Need I go? Yes, you must No, you neednt
Must I go? Yes, you must No, you neednt

e.g. A : You must supply them with the correct information.

B : Must I supply them with the data too?

A : No, you neednt.

B : The correct information usually includes the correct data, doesnt it?

A : Yes, but not in this case. You should understand that sometimes we dont have to give anything clearly to anyone who wants to know about us.

 

10.2. to express a POSITIVE CONCLUSION / CERTAINTY :

e.g. A : Look, it seems that there is no vacant seat for the three of us.

B : I dont think so, because Mr. D told me that he still had 30 % of the tickets left.

A : So, there must be some seats vacant in the front.

 

* See the difference between MUST and MAY or MIGHT :

A : What should I give her? She refused all I gave to her.

B : Give the food which is cooked by yourself. She may accept it because she likes your cooking.

A : I have, but still she doesnt touch it.

B : (thinks for a moment) Ha … it must work out.

A : Whats in your mind ?

B : You dont need to give it yourself. Let her boyfriend do it.

A : You are a smart man.

 

11. DARE

 

As an auxiliary, it is usual in negative or question form.

Negative present / past He does not dare / dares not

He did not dare / dared not

 

Interrogative present / past Does he dare? / Dare he?

Did he dare? / Dared he?

 

e.g. He doesnt dare (to) say anything after that quarrel.

He dares not (to) say anything after that quarrel.

 

Did he dare interrupt them?

Dared he interrupt them?

 

* HOW DARE(D) HE /YOU / THEY ?

expresses indignation or anger.

 

e.g. How dare you open my letter without my permission ? (= Im angry with you for opening it)

How dared he make a fool of her in front of the audience last night ? ( = I was really indignant of his behavior )

 

 

GRAMMAR

TENSES

TENSES

  1. FORMS OF VERBS :
V1 V2 V3 V1-ing V (s/es)
do did done doing does
work worked worked working works
cut cut cut cutting cuts
study studied studied studying studies

Note : Look up the irregular verbs at your dictionary.

  1. TENSES

2.1. SIMPLE PRESENT

2.1.1.Pattern :

(+) S + V1(-s/-es)

(-) S + do/does + not + V1

(?) Do/Does + S + V1?

e.g. The wind blows quite hard.

The wind does not blow quite hard

Does the wind blow quite hard?

Yes, it does / No, it doesnt

2.1.2. The uses of Present Simple :

2.1.2.1. to express present habitual action

time signal: every (day, week… etc.), once a (week, month, … etc.), always,etc.

e.g. The milkman comes at 5.30 am every morning.

The students get an English lesson four times a week.

2.1.2.2. to express general truth

e.g. Water freezes at 00 centigrade.

Every creature needs love.

2.1.2.3. to express feelings, condition or states, etc. in present

e.g. We hate his behavior.

Im hungry.

He knows many languages.

2.1.2.4. to express the future time which is related to a timetable (as in the one at the airport , railway station, theater, or movie)

e.g. The plane leaves from Surabaya at three oclock so we must hurry now.

The Psycho begins at 18.00 and 21.30.

2.2. PRESENT CONTINUOUS

2.2.1. Pattern :

(+) S + is/am/are + V1-ing

(-) S + is/am/are + not + V1-ing

(?) Is/Am/Are + S + V1-ing?

e.g. The astronomers are trying to discover the new galaxy.

The astronomers arent trying to discover the new galaxy.

Are the astronomers trying to discover the new galaxy ?

Yes, they are / No, they are not

2.2.2. The uses of Present Continuous :

2.2.2.1. to express the activity that is in progress at the moment of speaking

Time signal : now, right now, at this moment

e.g. He is feeding those animals right now.

All students arent having final test at this moment.

2.2.2.2. to express the activity that is in progress but not necessarily at the moment of speaking. The subject may be doing something else. The action that is mentioned in the sentence shows that it is still in progress within the period of time.

Time signal: this (afternoon, week…etc.) , today.

e.g. The professor is having a research on the new theory this month.

(This sentence means that he isnt in his library now and may be doing something else which doesnt have any relation to his research.)

The members of the committee are preparing the band festival this week.

(The action of preparing is only done after the school over, and they may be in class now)

2.2.2.3. to express an event which has been planned for the future ( see also: Present future continuous)

e.g. We are visiting the Borobudur temple then.

The speaker is speaking about the effect of the drugs after this.

The guests are having lunch in 10 minutes.

2.2.2.4. with linking verbs to show a present change of condition :

e.g. It is growing dark.

He is getting weaker and weaker.

2.2.3. Verbs that cant be used in continuous tense :

2.2.3.1 Verbs of senses : feel, hear, smell, see, taste.

e.g. This food tastes very delicious. (= its taste is very delicious)

BUT, compare these :

This food tastes very delicious ( ? in simple tenses)

Everyone is tasting it. (? can be in continuous tenses. It means an action of tasting the food. The verb can be used in progressive tense)

I saw someone talking to the headmaster when I passed by his office. (This sentence means I didnt look at him. It was only at a glance)

I was seeing my sick friend when I met him (see = visit, so it can be in progressive tense)

This room smells bad . (= the smell of this room is bad)

The researchers are smelling what gas in this hole is. (= an action of smelling and the verb can be in progressive tense)

The maid heard some persons arguing upstairs last night. (This sentence means she didnt try to listen to it. It was only a coincidence)

Many people are hearing the judges decision in a court seriously. (it is formal situation and the verb can be used in progressive tense)

2.2.3.2. Verbs of possession : have, posses, belong to, own.

e.g. Who owns this beautiful car?

Everyone has special characteristics.

This boutique belongs to the most designer in this town.

He possess everything by struggling!

2.2.3.3. Verbs which express feelings or emotions : adore, wish, fear, appreciate, hate, like, love, etc.

e.g. We appreciate your great attention.

I hate hot weather.

2.2.3.4.Verbs of mental activity : agree, believe, expect, feel (= think, have opinion), forget, know, mean, realize, recognize, see(= understand), remember, trust, etc.

e.g. They understand the Present Tense now.

I often forget my telephone number.

But, compare these sentences :

I think that he doesnt recognize me (= an opinion)

What is she thinking about? She looks serious. (= the action of having a thought. The verb can be in progressive tense)

2.3. SIMPLE PAST

2.3.1. Pattern :

(+) S + V2

(-) S + did + not + V1

(?) Did + S + V1?

e.g. The temperature fell into 22o Centigrade this morning.

The temperature didnt fall into 22o Centigrade this morning.

Did the temperature fall into 22o Centigrade this morning? Yes, it did / No, it didnt

3.2. The uses of Simple Past :

2.3.2.1. to express activity that occurred / existed in the past.

2.3.2.1.1. in a point of time

Time signal: yesterday, last (year, month…etc), this morning, (two days, six months,…etc. ) ago

e.g. They left our town an hour ago.

The artists didnt have a show of their new paintings last year.

2.3.2.1.2. over a period of time

Time signal : during (the summer, the holiday…etc.), from (1990 to 1999), for (three days, two years ,..etc.), all afternoon, years ago, when I was young, … etc.

e.g. My grandfather suffered from kidney trouble when he was alive.

The workers worked hard all day long without any rest at all.

The rescuers evacuated the victims of the explosion from 06.00a.m to 05.00 p.m. yesterday.

2.3.2.1.3. the time is indicated by the context or situation.

e.g. The Dutch exiled Soekarno and his friends because they were always against them.

U.S beat Japan in the Second World War.

2.3.2.2. to express past habitual action.

e.g. We had a nice breakfast every morning when we stayed in the village.

The old man went climbing once a month from 1960 to 1980.

Used to + V1 can be used to show Past habit :

e.g. The people used to believe that the Earth was flat

I used to go to school on foot together with my friends when I was at Senior High School.

2.4. PAST CONTINUOUS

2.4.1. Pattern :

(+) S + was/were + V1-ing

(-) S + was/were + not + V1-ing

(?) Was/were + S + V1-ing ?

e.g. All students were having a morning ceremony.

All students were not having a morning ceremony.

Were all students having a morning ceremony ?

Yes, they were / No, they werent

2.4.2. The Uses of Past Continuous :

2.4.2.1. to express activity that was in progress at the time when another activity happened in the past.

e.g. The sun was shinning brightly when I got up.

The Students were examining the frogs when one of them jumped off the table.

2.4.2.2. to express two activities that were happening at the same time (simultaneously).

e.g. The man was digging a hole while the woman was sweeping the garbage.

The journalist was writing a note while listening to the speech.

2.4.2.3 to emphasize the continuity or the progress of an activity in the past.

e.g. What were you doing all morning ? I called you up twice but there was no answer.

2.5. SIMPLE PRESENT PERFECT

2.5.1. Pattern :

(+) S + has/have + V3

(-) S + has/have + not + V3

(?) Have/Has + S + V3?

e.g. The General has sent his troops.

The General hasnt sent his troops

Has the General sent his troops?

Yes, he has / No, he hasnt

2.5.2. The uses of Simple Present Perfect :

2.5.2.1. to express finished action in a relatively short time before the moment of speaking It is a present result of an activity in the past.

Time signal : just, already, before, yet.

e.g. We have just handed on our report to the editor so if you want to know it, you can ask him now .

Im sure they havent got our message yet because they dont give any respond.

2.5.2.2. to express activity that began in the past and continues up to the present .

Time signal : since (yesterday, two years ago, 2002…etc.), for (two years, three weeks,…etc.)

e.g. We have learnt English for four years, but we are not able to speak it well.

This sentence means that we began to learn English four years ago and up to this time we still learn it.

Do you know how she is? We havent heard about her since three months ago.

This sentence means that our last meeting was three months ago.

2.5.2.3. to express activity that has been repeated up to present.

e.g. I have written three letters and will continue the fourth after lunch.

We have paid a visit to that beautiful spot twice and plan to go there next holiday.

See the comparison between Simple Past and Simple Present Perfect below!

He met me a minute ago.

( * not yesterday or two days ago but a minute ago, so it emphasizes the time of the action).

He has already met me.

(* to show that the action of meeting has been completed, no matter when it happened).

The athlete has run around the stadium twice.

(* it is still possible for him to run again)

The athlete ran around the stadium twice.

( * It is just a report that he did it twice and there is no possibility to do it again at present)

2.6. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

2.6.1. Pattern :

(+) S + has/have + been + V1-ing

(-) S + has/have + not + been + V1-ing

(?) Has/Have + S + been + V1-ing ?

e.g. The president has been giving a speech for an hour.

The president has not been giving a speech for an hour.

Has the president been giving a speech for an hour ?

Yes, he has / No, he hasnt

2.6.2. The use of Present Perfect Continuous is to express the action that began in the past, and is still in progress at present especially at the time of speaking and may continue up to the future time.

e.g. The people have been standing there to get the ticket for the show since an hour ago.

This sentence means that they are still there.

The machine has been working all day long. Ask the operator to stop it for a while in order that it doesnt overheat.

2.7. SIMPLE PRESENT FUTURE

2.7.1. Pattern :

(+) S + will/shall + V1

(-) S + will/shall + not + V1

(?) Will/Shall + s + V1?

e.g. That family will adopt a child from an orphanage.

That family will not adopt a child from an orphanage.

Will that family adopt a child from an orphanage?

Yes, they will / No, they will not.

* SHALL is sometimes used for the first person ( I and WE )

2.7.2. Time signal : tomorrow, next week /…, in two hours /in …, soon, immediately.

2.7.3. The uses of Present Future :

2.7.3.1. to express the activity which will happen in the future.

e.g. There will be some important guests in our town tomorrow.

Will the people know about his real profession soon?

2.7.3.2. used with clauses of condition, time or purpose.

e.g. Ill go if she wants me to. (??clause of condition)

The work will begin when the instructor comes. (??clause of time)

Some experts will have another observation about healthy food for babies in order that they can get nutritious food for their growth. (??clause of purpose)

2.7.4. The differences between WILL and TO BE GOING TO in expressing the future action are as follows:

2.7.4.1. in decision or intention :

e.g. Look, the old man is trying to cross the street. I will help him.

( * there is no preparation or plan before and usually it is the first persons intention)

When I passed by her house this morning, some people were busy. She is going to have a big party tonight.

( * there is a preparation / plan or it has been determined before)

2.7.4.2. in prediction :

e.g. I think that he will realize what he did after having your advice.

( * to express the speakers opinion, assumption or what he believes that it will happen. It can be introduced by these verbs : think, know, believe, doubt, expect, be afraid, wonder, etc.)

Oh.. how hot today is. It is going to rain hard.

( * there is a sign that something will happen)

2.8. PRESENT FUTURE CONTINUOUS

2.8.1. Pattern :

(+) S + will + be + V1-ing

(-) S + will + not + be + V1-ing

(?) Will + s + be + V1-ing?

e.g. The teachers will be having a meeting next week.

The teachers will not be having a meeting next week.

Will The teachers be having a meeting next week ?

Yes, they will / No, they will not

2.8.2. Time Signal : the same with the Simple Present Future.

2.8.3. The uses of Present Future Continuous :

2.8.3.1 to express the activity that has already been fixed or decided for the future based on :

2.8.3.1.1. present habit

e.g. Dont call me up at 5 p.m. tomorrow because I will be having a mathematic course.

Its Monday. You can meet the two professors because they will be examining the result of their research in this laboratory. They meet each other every Monday to discuss about their research.

2.8.3.1.2. agreement, appointment or contemporary schedule.

e.g. The Professor will be giving a speech at the same time tomorrow. (as his schedule says)

I cant accompany you to see around the town next Sunday because I will be preparing my cousins birthday party.

2.8.3.1.3. to express a polite way of asking about somebodys plan in the future. (in question only)

e.g. Will you be taking a picture of the landscape in that village next weekend ? I want to join you.

Will you be moving all these plants to your new house ? We would like to help you.

2.9. SIMPLE PAST PERFECT

2.9.1. Pattern :

(+) S + had + V3

(-) S + had + not + V3

(?) Had + S + V3?

e.g. The judge had made a wise decision.

The judge had not made a wise decision.

Had the judge made a wise decision?

Yes, he had / No, he hadnt

2.9.2. The uses of Past Perfect :

2.9.2.1. to express an activity that had happened earlier than another action in the past.

e.g. He had moved to this school before you were born.

They had gone when I realized what was happening.

They did it after they had got the directors order.

They had thrown the valuable things away by the time the police arrived.

2.9.2.2. used in reported speech.

e.g. She said, I have already accepted them.

She said that she had already accepted them.

She asked, How long have you been here?

She asked how long I had been here

2.9.2.3. used in conditional sentence type 3.

e.g. If I had had enough time, I would have finished it well.

She wouldnt have been there if you hadnt called her.

2.9.2.4. used to express unfulfilled plan

e.g. Everyone had hoped to get the authors signature, but he directly left the conference.

I had thought of leaving early morning, but cancelled it.

2.10. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

2.10.1. Pattern :

(+) S + had + been + V1-ing

(-) S + had + not + been + V1-ing

(?) Had + S + been + V1-ing?

e.g. Everyone had been standing in row for an hour before the actress came.

Everyone had not been standing in row for an hour before the actress came.

Had everyone been standing in row for an hour before the actress came ?

Yes, they had / No, they hadnt

2.10.2. Time signal : we can use the time signal of Simple Past Perfect.

2.10.3. The uses of Past Perfect Continuous :

2.10.3.1. to indicate an action that continued up to or into the time when another time in the past began and it was still in progress.

e.g. He had been sleeping for an hour when his parents came home.

This sentence means that he was sleeping when his parents came.

2.10.3.2. used in indirect speech :

e.g. They told us, We have been looking for a job for a long time.

They told us that they had been looking for a job for a long time.

He asked, Was everyone preparing their own material yesterday?

He asked whether everyone had been preparing their own material the day before.

2.10.3.3. used in conditional sentence type 3 :

e.g. They might have died if they hadnt been wearing the disinfectant coat.

If I had been swimming, the wave would have taken me too.

2.11. SIMPLE PRESENT FUTURE PERFECT

2.11.1. Pattern :

(+) S + will/shall + have + V3

(-) S + will/shall + not + have + V3

(?) Will/Shall + S + have + V3 ?

e.g. My secretary will have finished it before lunch.

My secretary will not have finished it before lunch.

Will your secretary have finished it before lunch?

Yes, she will / No, she wont

2.11.2. Time signal : before (you arrive…etc.) , by (next week..etc.)., when (the time is over…etc.), by the time (you come home…etc.)

2.11.3. The use of Simple Present Future Perfect is to indicate an action that will be completed at the point of the time in the future.

e.g. He will have seen some interesting sights before he returns. So when we meet him later, he can tell us about his experiences.

The plane will have taken off by the time we get to the airport. Thats why, lets hurry up.

2.12. PRESENT FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS

2.12.1. Pattern :

(+) S + will/shall + have + been + V1-ing

(-) S + will/shall + not + have + been + V1-ing

(?) Will/Shall + S + have + been + V1-ing?

e.g. He will have been working here for twenty five years by the end of this month.

He will not have been working here for twenty five years by the end of this month.

Will he have been working here for twenty five years by the end of this month ?

Yes, he will / No, he wont

2.12.2. Time signal : the same as SIMPLE PRESENT FUTURE PERFECT

2.12.3. The Use of Present Future Perfect Continuous is to express an action that will still be in progress at a given future time.

e.g. The trainees will have been having a practice for a week by tomorrow. It is the fourth day for them.

Our employees will have been doing it for about three hours when we arrive there, so you can know how they are working.

2.13. SIMPLE PAST FUTURE

2.13.1. Pattern :

(+) S + would + V1

(-) S + would + not + V1

(?) Would + s + V1?

e.g. She would sit here and see the flying birds.

She would not sit here and see the flying birds

Would she sit here and see the flying birds ?

Yes, she would / No, she wouldnt

2.13.2. The uses of Simple Past Future :

2.13.2.1. used in Reported Speech when the main verb is past

e.g. She said, I will be ready in a few minutes.

She said that she would be ready in a few minutes.

He asked me, Will you move to another office soon ?

He asked me whether I would move to another office soon.

2.13.2.2. used in conditional sentence type 2

e.g. I would clean the house myself if I had time

His children would be happy if he were at home

2.13.2.3. used in talking about something which was in the future at that time but which had not happened yet.

e.g. Last time I saw your family, they would have a long journey.

In 1956 there was a smart boy who would be a president of United States.

We had better use WOULD to express future in the past for the first person.

e.g. I would make some changes on my data when they saw my work.

2.14. PAST FUTURE CONTINUOUS

2.14.1. Pattern :

(+) S + would + be + V1-ing

(-) S + would + not + be + V1-ing

(?) Would + S + be + V1-ing ?

e.g. He would be seeing the doctor if he didnt have a guest

He would not be seeing the doctor if he didnt have a stomach trouble.

If he did not have a guest, would he be seeing a doctor ?

2.14.2. The uses of Past Future Continuous :

2.14.2.1. used in Reported Speech when the main verb is past.

e.g. She said, I will be doing some shopping this evening.

She said that she would be doing some shopping that evening.

He wanted to know, Will they be having a show the following week ?

He wanted to know if they would be having a show the following week

2.14.2.2. used in conditional sentence type 2

e.g. They would be having a discussion if they got the result from their partner.

If everyone knew about this news, they would be talking about it now.

2.15. SIMPLE PAST FUTURE PERFECT

2.15.1. Pattern :

(+) S + would + have + V3

(-) S + would + not + have + V3

(?) Would + S + have + V3?

e.g. She would have been there if she had been invited

She wouldnt have been there if she hadnt been invited

Would she have been there if she had been invited?

2.15.2. The uses of Simple Past Future Perfect

2.1.5.2.1. used in Reported Speech when the main verb is past

e.g. He told me, I will have had the last interview by the end of the month.

He told me that he would have had the last interview by the end of the month.

He asked, When will I have got the result of the experiment ?

He asked when he would have got the result of the experiment.

2.15.2.2. used in conditional sentence type 3

e.g. They would have saved all the victims if they had had good instrument.

If his parents had listened to the warning, they would have been here safely.

2.16. PAST FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS

2.16.1. Pattern :

(+) S + would + have + been + V1-ing

(-) S + would + not + have + been + V1-ing

(?) Would + S + have + been + V1-ing?

e.g. She would have been training them if there had been a new project.

She wouldnt have been training them if there hadnt been a new project.

Would she have been training them if there hadnt been a new project?

2.16.2. The uses of Past Future Perfect Continuous

2.16.2.1. used in Reported Speech when the main verb is past

e.g. He told, They will have been having a test for two days by Thursday.

He told that they would have been having a test for two days by Thursday.

He asked, How long will they have been testing the instruments before the launching ?

He asked how long they would have been testing the instruments before the launching .

2.16.2.2. used in conditional sentence type 3

e.g. The audience would have been staying on their seats if the attractions had not been so boring.

The students would have been cleaning their class if it hadnt been locked.

GRAMMAR

TO BE AS ORDINARY VERB

 

CHAPTER ONE TO BE and TO HAVE AS ORDINARY VERB

TO BE

1.1. Form of TO BE

V1 V2 V3 V1 ing Present
be was / were been being is/am are

1.2. The verb be is followed by :

1.2.1. Adjective

e.g. – The problem is difficult – The people were angry.

– Those students are clever. – The party was amazing.

difficult, angry, clever and amazing are adjective.

* The function of adjective is to describe a noun.

Some positions of adjective are :

1.2.1.1. in noun phrase

e.g. - a smart boy (= a boy who is smart)

– an easy question (= a question which is easy)

1.2.1.2. in a sentence after to be or linking verbs

such as : appear, become, get, go, grow, look, run, seem, smell, sound, turn, etc.

(* the adjective after to be or linking verbs functions as complement of to be)

e.g. - This boy is creative

- That cake looks delicious

- The audience was impatient to see their favorite actor.

1.2.2 Noun

e.g. – They are new workers.

– He was my headmaster

– English will be our main subject in this school.

new workers, my headmaster and our main subject are Noun (phrases)

1.2.3. Adverb (of place)

e.g. – Our headmaster is in his office.

– They have been inside the church.

in his office and inside the church are Adverb of place.

1.3. The verb be can be followed by :

1.3.1. age : – She is fifteen.

1.3.2. size or weight :- The tree is 1.25 m high.

– This baggage is 10 kilograms.

1.3.3. price : – This picture is two million dollars.

 

1.4. The examples of to be in different tenses :

1.4.1. Present : – All of them are our important guests.

1.4.2. Past : – All of them were our important guests.

1.4.3. Present Future : – All of them will be our important guests.

1.4.4. Present Perfect : -All of them have been our important guests.

  1. The verb TO HAVE

2.1. Form :

V1 V2 V3 V1 ing V1 (s/es)
have had had having has

2. 2. The basic meaning of to have is to posses.

  1. e.g. – Mr. Andi has a wonderful villa here.

– Mr. Andi doesnt have a wonderful villa here.

– Does Mr. Andi have a wonderful villa here ?

Yes, he does / No, he doesnt

2.3. The examples of to have in different tenses :

2.3.1. Present Simple :- We have the answers.

2.3.2. Past Simple :- We had the answers.

2.3.3. Simple Present Future :- We will have the answers.

2.3.4. Simple Present Perfect :- We have had the answers.

2.3.5. Simple Present Future Perfect:- We will have had the answers.

2.3.6. Simple Past Perfect :-We had had the answers.

2.4. To have can be used to mean :

2.4.1. to take (a meal / food or drink / a bath / a lesson, etc.)

e.g. – Our family always has breakfast.

– We need to have a computer course.

2.4.2. to give / to hold ( a party)

e.g. – Shall we have a welcome party for them ?

– The club will be having a garden party here next Sunday

2.4.3. to face / to encounter

e.g. – I dont have any difficulties with the test.

– She had a difficult problem with her right hand.

2.4.4. to spend / to experience

e.g. – All of us will have a nice holiday.

– He had a lovely evening with his children.

 

GRAMMAR