Month: July 2018

Chapter One

CHAPTER ONE

SUBJECT AND VERB,  KINDS OF SUBJECT,  OBJECT OF PREPOSITION, APPOSITIVE NOUN

TASK ONE

Pay attention on whether each sentence has a subject and a verb.

State whether each sentence is correct (C) or incorrect (I)!

  1. Every one amused because of the excellent performances.
  2. We have seen the reason.
  3. He was traveling to some countries during the last summer.
  4. By this time tomorrow, will be holding an opening ceremony.
  5. Due to the strong wind, the departure of my flight cancelled.
  6. Mathematics is always frightening for students.
  7. Last night thief in my house.
  8. My happiness to serve you
  9. We feel it safe to bike in this city.
  10. There is a lot o f information about these wonderful tourist destinations.
  11. The guests have in the hall for an hour.
  12. His statement doesn’t influence our work.
  13. The people discussing about the new leader.
  14. Every day takes a walk with his dog.
  15. The teacher’s advice can change her mind.
  16. The temperature hotter and hotter.
  17. The attractions by the Japanese are being shown now.
  18. Left their home in the early morning tomorrow.
  19. A super-mall is gong to built in this town.
  20. They have succeeded in holding an auction for charity.

TASK TWO

There are four kinds of subjects :

Noun Phrase (NP), Pronoun (P), Gerund (G), and Noun Clause (NC).

Underline the subject ,then state whether the subject is Noun Phrase (NP), Pronoun (P), Gerund (G), or  Noun Clause (NC)!

  1. His talent brings him to a lot of countries.
  2. Serving customers warmly must become a priority.
  3. That they will meet the President himself hasn’t been decided yet.
  4. They spoke about humanity and human rights.
  5. How good the news is depends on the journalists’ credibility.
  6. The journey to Mecca on foot by a man from Pekalongan amazed the people in the world.
  7. Staring at the stars while sitting on the beach satisfies his soul.
  8. The wildness of the world should be faced by much knowledge and a strong will.
  9. Being humble is rarely found among the authorities.
  10. He doesn’t want to admit his weaknesses.
  11. We were invited to speak in the national congress on the youth entrepreneurship.
  12. Why the activities of terrorists cannot be detected and prevented easily becomes the President’s great concern.
  13. Gaining as much money as possible leads the people to do crimes, including corruption.
  14. She says that she is going to gather good people to save the nature.
  15. The leader’s decision on the budget recovery is final.
  16. Educating is not a matter of transferring knowledge.
  17. Who will win in this contest is difficultly decided,
  18. The stage manager is controlling the performers efficiently.
  19. I am reminded to control my anger with the uncontrolled children.
  20. What will be left in their mind is your kindness.

TASK THREE

Beware to the object of preposition!

 State whether each sentence is correct (C)or incorrect (I).

  1. In the classrooms were left yesterday.
  2. After the ceremony, they had a small feast to celebrate their graduation.
  3. In the cupboard at the corner of the room my pencil box.
  4. The evergreen trees in the slope of the mountain at the north of this town.
  5. What you are looking for is in this mall.
  6. The audience in the concert gave an ovation standing in a long applause.
  7. Interested in the research on nano technology.
  8. The animals in the zoo at the center of this town from many countries.
  9. He is disguising in the cost- play festival.
  10. The contestants in this contest good at acting the challenging characters.
  11. Speaking to the public must be done communicatively.
  12. Later, at the third day of the Christmas holiday, there will be many gifts for the children.
  13. By the next two years in the region near the canyon.
  14. At the to of the tree in the school yard is found.
  15. We sang with the best choir in this city.
  16. The songs in her third albums are the people’s favorite.
  17. The great explosion at the mall in the suite complex caused a great shock.
  18. The journey to the dark by the companions of the great ring bearer was perilous.
  19. In the heavy rain feels cold.
  20. Living with the wilds for more than 10 years in the dense jungle.

 

TASK FOUR

Appositive is the noun added to explain the other noun.

Example :Jakarta, the Capital City of Indonesia, becomes more and more crowded.

Fill in the  blank with the appropriate appositive!

  1. ….., Mr. Ahmadian is looking for the children with a special talent.
  2. We still cannot find the fastest route to Surabaya, ….
  3. The coconut trees, ….. , are abundantly found a long the road to the beach.
  4. The red color, …, dominates the atmosphere of this restaurant.
  5. …, squirrel hibernate during the winter.
  6. Fishermen are much helped by dolphins, …
  7. People are amazed to …, the picture of “Mysterious Smile”.
  8. Arthur Conan Doyle, …, was successful in arising people’s curiosity when reading his novels.
  9. Shizuka, …, represents the clever girl with a kind heart.
  10. The founder of the biggest company, …, stated that his employees had to be creative and innovative.
  11. People in the world know Bali, …, more than Indonesia.
  12. On our independence day, …, people only focus on the celebration without understanding its value.
  13. The nearest planet from the Earth, …, has similar geographical features to ours.
  14. Chinese, …, has become the major subject in many high schools in the world.
  15. …, the carnivore plants, trap the insects to enter the flower by its smell.
  16. The everlasting cartoon movie from japan, …, educates parents not to spoil their children by giving everything they want.
  17. The novel on magical stories, …, has so successfully screened that many people are awaiting for the next movie.
  18. Drone, …, becomes more and more popular for the journalists.
  19. The most excellent football team, …, has won six championships in this year season.
  20. If many people had the heart of Mother Theresa, …, there won’t be no hunger and poor in the world.

REVIEW

Choose the correct answer!

  1. … keeps our body fit.  (A. Having a regular exercise ;   B. To having a regular exercise;     C. For a regular exercise;   D.  It a regular exercise)
  1. … , Mr. Handoyo, built a nature based in school in the remote region.  (A.Being the owner;    B.  The owner of this company;   C.He;     D.   This company)
  1. There … some riots to protest the new law on handling the corruption. (A.are;   B.  are which;    C. are going to be;     D. going to be)
  1. It … to read the hoaxes in the social media. (A. annoys;   B. is annoying;  C.annoyed;    D.  is annoyed)
  1. … to read makes people easily influenced by hoaxes.  (A. The laziness;   B.Lazy;    C. To lazy;    D.  It’s lazy)
  1. … can speak English well makes Indonesia difficult to compete with other countries.  (A. 50% of Indonesia;   B.   That less than 50% of Indonesia;   C.Less than 50% of Indonesia;  D.  What less than 50% of Indonesia)
  1. He … when someone bullies him.  (A. loses;   B.  loses his temper;  C.  his temper;    D.  never lose)
  1. … , the quitar, is easily learnt by my children.  (A. That the string musical instrument;   B.  That is the string musical instrument;   C.  the string musical instrument;   D.  It is the string musical instrument)
  1. People … by the fire cracker show.   (A. amazing;    B;  are amazing;   C.amazed;    D.  are amazed)
  1. … 45 minutes after eating can vanish the fat found in our food.  (A.Drinking warm water;    B.  To drinking warm water;   C.  Drink warm water;  D.  It is to drink warm water)
  1. … maximally is the important period the parents must know.  (A. The brain grows;   B. That the brain grows    C.  Growing brain;   D.  When the brain grows)
  1. At the factory near my home town some dangerous chemicals ….  (A. are producing;   B.  producing;   C. are produced;   D.  produced)
  1. Many Indonesian children don’t know …, Soekarno, was exilled for many years.  (A. our first president;   B. why our first president;   C.  that our first president;   D.  who is)
  1. Some people are trying to change the foundation of our country, ….  (A.Pancasila;   B.  it is Pancasila;    C.  that is Pancasila;   D.  is Pancasila)
  1. The number of some wild animals in the forests of the tropical countries … (A. is decreasing more and more;  B. that is decreasing more and more;   C.decreasing more and more;  D.  which decreases more and more)
  1. The nocturnal animal, …, detects the thing in front of it by its “sharp Eyes”. (A. it is a bat;   B. bat;   C.  is bat;   D.  that bat)
  1. The students’ knowledge on this country ….  (A. is poor;   B.  it is poor;  C.poor;  D.  that is poor)
  1. … , dietary drink, is mostly chosen by women in dieting. (A. It’s Green tea;  B.  Which is Green tea;  C.  Green tea;  D.  That Green tea)
  1. … deadly in this region is being explained by the doctor.  (A. Why the acute scurvy becomes;  B. That the acute scurvy;   C.  The acute scurvy becomes; D.  The acute scurvy)
  1. … , the most favorite transportation nowadays, gives much comfort to the passengers.  (A. That is a train;   B. Train;   C.  Of the train;   D.  It is a train)

Back to Exercises for TOEFL preparation

PASSIVE VOICE

PASSIVE VOICE

General form of passive :

for simple tenses

To be  +  past participle (V3)

 for continuous tenses

to be  +  being + past participle  (V3)

EXAMPLES  of PASSIVE SENTENCES IN DIFFERENT TENSES

 Simple Present

The building is repainted .

Present  Continuous  

The building is being repainted.

Simple  Past  

The building was repainted.

Past  Continuous   

The building was being repainted.

Simple Present Future   

The building will be repainted.

Present Future Continuous 

The building will be being repainted .

Simple Present Perfect 

The building has been repainted.

Present Perfect Continuous

The building has been being repainted.

Simple Past Perfect 

The building had been repainted.

Past Perfect Continuous  

The building had been being repainted.

Simple Past Future 

The building would be repainted.

Past Future Continuous 

The building would be being repainted.

Simple Present Future Perfect 

The building will have been repainted.

Present Future Perfect Continuous

The building will have been being repainted.

Simple Past Future Perfect 

The building would have been repainted.

Past Future Perfect Continuous 

The building would have been being repainted.

Modal Auxiliaries  

The building should be repainted.

The building must be repainted.

 

  1. Passive with BY + AGENT

AGENT is important when the speaker wants  to emphasize  who or what something is done by (the doer). In  most  Passive Voice, however, there is no agent.

e.g.           Her  attitude  shocked me (active)

I  was shocked by her attitude (passive)

Who wrote the information? (active)

Whom was the information written by? (passive)

Look, He has arranged all the books well.

Look,  all the books have been arranged well.

Sometimes, “by”  is not necessary because everybody knows who does it.

 

  1. Passive in verbs with two objects

There are two  possibilities of Passive when certain verb has two objects. (see  the position of Noun in a sentence on chapter five)

e.g.           They  have  already  sent us  the  newest information.  (active)

We  have  already  been sent  the newest information . (passive)

The  newest information  has already been  sent  to  us.   (passive)

 

He bought her a beautiful house   (active)

She was bought a beautiful house    (passive)

A beautiful house was bought for her  (passive)

 

  1. Passive in sentence with Noun Clause

We can use the clause as subject or with “IT” as the introduction.

e.g.           Scientists  has proved that there is also an  aura  surrounding the plants .  (active)

That  there is also an aura surrounding the  plants  has been proved (by scientist)   (passive)

It has been proved (by scientists) that there is also an aura surrounding the plants  (passive)

 

No body knows where she has gone   (active)

Where she has gone is not known    (passive)

It is not known where she has gone  (passive)

 

  1. Passive in Verb + Object + Infinitive construction

e.g.           He asked me not to cover the whole things in the conference . (active)

I was asked not to cover the whole things in the conference.  (passive)

The headmaster generally allows us to follow any  competition.  (active)

We  are generally allowed to follow any competition by the headmaster. (Passive)

 

There are some verbs that can’t be converted into passive : like, want, wish, prefer.

 

  1. Passive in Verb + preposition + Object combination

he preposition will remain after the verb.

e.g.           We must write to him   (active)

He must be written to  (passive)

 

You can play with these cubs quite safely  (active)

These cubs can be played with quite safely (passive)

 

GRAMMAR

REPORTED SPEECH

REPORTED SPEECH

 THE GENERAL FORM OF :

                    Direct Speech                 :               She said,” I am confused.”

Reported Speech          :               She said that she was confused.

(* Reported speech is a sentence with Noun Clause)

 

  1. REPORTED SPEECH can be called as INDIRECT SPEECH

The  conversion of  Direct Speech into Indirect Speech needs  some grammatical changes :

2.1.      When  the main verb is in Simple Present, Simple Present Future  or Simple Present  Perfect, there’s no change in tense for  the  sentence between quotation marks (“…”).

e.g.           She says,” I have given him the reasons.”

She says that she has given him the reasons.

 

She will ask,” Am I wonderful ?”

She will ask if she is wonderful.

 

She has told,” I didn’t recognize him last night.”

She  has told that she didn’t recognize him the  night before.

 

* Indirect  Speech is introduced by a verb in present tense  when we are :

  1. reporting a conversation that is still going on
  2. reading a letter and reporting what it says
  3. reading instructions and reporting them

 

2.2.      On the other hand, there is a  change in tense when the main verb is in the Past.

Here are the changes :

Direct   Speech                                                             Indirect  Speech

 

Simple  Present                                                             Simple  past

He explained, “ I never eat meat. “                     He explained that he  never ate

meat.

 Present  Continuous                                                   Past  Continuous

He said, ‘ I am waiting for my son.”                      He said that he was waiting

for his son.

Simple  Past                                                                   Simple Past Perfect

He stated, “ The people knew                               He stated that the people had

it well”                                                                             known it well.

Past  Continuous                                                         Past  Perfect  Continuous

He told, “ My director was having                        He told that his director had

a meeting.”                                                                      been having a meeting.

Simple Present  Perfect                                                  Simple Past Perfect

He exclaimed, “ I have mastered                          He exclaimed that he had

the language.”                                                               mastered the language.

Present  Perfect  Continuous                                  Past  Perfect  Continuous

He said, “ I have been waiting for                         He said he had been waiting

ages.”                                                                                 for ages.

Simple Past Perfect                                                      Simple Past Perfect

He told me,” You had hurt her”                             He told me that I had hurt her.

Past Perfect  Continuous                                          Past Perfect  Continuous

He said,” We had been taking this                       He said that they had been

course for a year.”                                                       taking the course for a year.

Simple Present  Future                                              Simple Past Future

He told,” The guest will come. “                            He told that the guest would

come.

 Present  Future  Continuous                                   Past  Future  Continuous

He told,” We will be having                                     He told that they would be

a long journey next month. “                                 having a long journey next

month.

Can,  May                                                                           Could,  Might

He said, “ I can finish it on time”                            He said that he could finish it

on time.

He told me, “ You may take it for                          He told me that I was allowed

a long time.”                                                                  to (might)  take it for a long

time.

Might,  Should,  Could,  would                               Might,  Should,  Could,  would

He said, “ You should see                                         He said that I should see a

a doctor. “                                                                        doctor.

He said,” It might be different                               He said that it might be

from yours. “                                                                  different from mine.

He said,” They couldn’t find                                    He said that they couldn’t find

the answer.”                                                                    the answer.

He said,” I would visit this place. “                         He said that he would visit

the place.

Must (necessary at present)                                   Had to

He told,” They must be careful “                           He told that they  had to be careful

 Must ( necessary at future)                                    Would have to

He told,” You must hand in your                           He told that I would have to

work tomorrow.”                                                          hand in my work the day after.

       

  1. Statement sentence in Direct Speech

 3.1.      If the sentence between the  quotations is A STATEMENT (  in affirmative or negative ), the conjunction  for the indirect one is THAT.

e.g.           See the examples on point 2.2 !

In  written English, past tenses usually change to past  perfect ones, but there are the following exceptions  :

3.2.            Past / past continuous used in time clauses

e.g.           He  said,  “  When I was living in  St.  Agustin,  I visited the art gallery many times.”

He  said that when he was living in St. Agustin,  he visited the art gallery many times. / had visited the art gallery many times.

3.3.      The advice form ‘IF I WERE YOU, I SHOULD/WOULD …

3.4.      Conditional  sentences  type  2 and  3  ( See  CONDITIONAL SENTENCES)

e.g.          Andrew said, “If my children were older, I would  move to another town.”

Andrew said that if his children were older, he  would move to another town.

3.5.            Must in interrogative usually becomes had to.

e.g.          He asked Desi,” Must you take this course ?”

He asked Desi if she had to take the course.

3.6.         Could with a past meaning :

“ permission “ can be the same or change to “ was / were allowed to infinitive”.

e.g.          He  said, “ I couldn’t go  by  myself  when  I  was  a child.”

He  said that he couldn’t / was not allowed to  go  by himself when he was a child.

“ ability “ can be unchanged or become “ had been able to”.

e.g.           He exclaimed, “I could read well when I was three.”

He  exclaimed  that he could / had been able  to  read well when he was three.

 

  1. The interrogative (question) sentence in Direct Speech

4.1.      If the sentence in quotation is in question with auxiliaries. (Yes/No question), whether  or if  becomes the conjunction for  the Indirect Speech.

e.g.           She asks, “Have you told him about our certificate?”

She  asks whether I have told him about  our  certificate.

 

She asked, “Are you satisfied?”

She wanted to know if I was satisfied.

*  Note for whether :

4.1.1.        It can emphasize a choice :

e.g.          He asked, “ Do you want to go by air or sea?”

He asked whether I wanted to go by air or sea.

 

He  asked, “ Do you need  to insure your  jewelry or not? “

He  asked  me  whether or not I needed  to  insure  my jewelry.

He asked if I needed to insure my jewelry or not.

4.1.2.   It   is used when the Direct Question  contains a  Conditional Clause.

e.g.          He wondered, “Will you move to Surabaya if you  get  a job there?”

He wondered whether I would move to Surabaya if  I  got a job there.

 

4.2.      When  the Direct Questions begin with question  words (e.g. what where, who),  they function as the conjunctions.

e.g.           She asked,” Where do you live?”

She asked where I lived.

 

The teacher asked, ”What are you looking at?”

The teacher asked what I was looking at.

4.2.1    Asking   for  an advice / instruction which  uses  SHALL  is usually reported by should.

e.g.           The  porter  asked, “ Shall I send it  to  your  room, Madam?”

The porter asked if he should send it to her room.

 

Ani asked, “What shall I say to him, mother?”

Ani asked her mother what she should say to him.

 

  1. To infinitive construction in Indirect Speech

5.1.      Indirect command, request, and advice use this structure :

main  verb  of command / request / advice + Object  +  to infinitive.

The main verbs that are used for this pattern are : advise,   ask,  beg,  command,   encourage, forbid,  invite, order, recommend,  remind, request, urge, warn.

e.g.           She said, “You had better hurry, Bill?”

She advised Bill to hurry.

 

She said, “If I were you, I should leave a message for him.”

She advised her friend to  leave a message for him.

 

She said, ”Would you like to give me a hand, please?”

She asked me to give her a hand.

 

She said, “ Sit down near the pool, won’t you?”

She invited us to sit down near the pool.

 

5.2.      Negative  command / request or advice can be reported  in this  construction  :

S + main verb of command / request or advice  + object +  not  +  to infinitive.

e.g.           His wife said, “Please, don’t take any risk!”

His wife begged him not to take any risk.

 

He said, “Don’t forget to write down your name!”

He reminded us to write down our name.

 

He said, “Don’t be afraid. Try again! “

He encouraged him to try again.

 

He said, “Don’t leave the house unlocked!”

He warned us not to leave the house unlocked.

 

Her  mother said, “Forget all about this young  man and don’t see him again or answer his letter! “

Her  mother  advised her to forget  all  about  the young  man  and  forbade her to see  him  again  or answer his letter.

 

5.3.      Agreement, offer, refusal, promise and threat are reported in this construction :

Agree / Refuse / Offer / Promise / Threaten + to infinitive construction.

e.g.           She asked, “Shall I bring you some tea?”

She offered to bring me some tea.

 

She asked, “Would you like a drink?”

She offered me a drink =  She asked me if  I would  like a drink.

 

She said, “No, I won’t lend you any more money!”

She refused to lend me any /some more money.

 

She said,” Don’t worry, I will return it by Monday!”

She promised to return it by Monday.

 

He  said,” We will broadcast it through television  if  you do not cooperate with us.”

He  threatened to broadcast it through  television  if  the state employees didn’t cooperate with them.

 

Desi    :               Would you mind driving me home?

Dito     :               All right.

Desi asked Dito to drive her home and Budi agreed to.

 

  1. Gerund construction in Indirect Speech

    Admit / Deny / Apologize for / Suggest + gerund construction

e.g.           Desi    : Did you take my work?

Dito     : Yes, I did because of my recklessness.

Desi asked if Dito had taken her work and he admitted taking it because of his recklessness.

 

She said,” I’m sorry that I have hurt you!”

She apologized for having hurt me.

 

She said, “Shall we have a rest for a moment?”

She suggested having a rest for a moment.

 

  1. From Direct Speech with LET’S and LET.

7.1.            Let’s (suggestion)

e.g.           She said, “Let’s go on to the next part!”

She suggested going on to the next part   or  She suggested that we should go on to the next part.

He said, “Let’s not use this formula!”

He suggested not using the formula    or   He suggested that we shouldn’t use the formula.

7.2.            Let him / her / them…etc. (Ask for permission)

e.g.           She said to Risang, “Let her join our club!”

She asked Risang to let her join their club.

 

  1. Exclamation and Yes/No answer

8.1.            Exclamation ( *It is adjusted with the meaning, so everyone may use their creativity and ability in making sentences to change it).

e.g.           He said,” Welcome!”

He welcomed us.

 

He screamed,” Oh….my goodness, I don’t believe it!”

He was surprised and told that he didn’t believe it.

 

He said,  “ May a wonderful joy  always  be  in  your life!”

He wished  me to always have a wonderful  joy  in  my life.

 

8.2.      YES  /  NO answer is expressed by Subject  +  appropriate auxiliaries.

e.g.           Dito     : Can you swim?

Desi    : No

Dito  asked if Desi could swim and Desi answered  that she couldn’t.

 

Dito : Have you looked up those words in the  dictionary?

Desi : Yes, of course.

Dito wanted to know whether Desi had looked them up in the dictionary and Desi said that she had.

 

  1. Other necessary   changes when we convert  Direct  Speech into Indirect Speech

9.1.      Pronouns will  change in accordance to the meaning of  the  sentence.

e.g.           “I forget the combination of my safe”, he said.

He said that he forgot the combination of his safe.

 

“Desi, you have overcooked the steak”, mother said.

Mother said to Desi that she had overcooked the steak.

 

9.2.            The adverbial phrases of time will change as follows :

Direct  Speech                                              Indirect  Speech

now                                                                   = then

today                                                                = that day

yesterday                                                       = the day before  /  the previous day

the day before yesterday                        = two days before

a year ago, two months ago, etc.          = a year or two months before

tomorrow                                                       = the next day / the following day / the day after

the day after tomorrow                            = in two days time / the next two days /

the following two days /

two days after

next week, next year, etc.                      = the following week / year

 

e.g.           “I will do it tomorrow “, he promised.

He promised to do it the day after.

 

But  if  the speech is reported on the same  day,  the  time changes are not necessary.

e.g.           At   breakfast  this morning he said, “I will  be  very busy today.”

At   breakfast  this morning he said that he would  be very busy today.

 

A logical adjustment is necessary when the  speech  is reported in one or more days after it is made.

e.g.           (On Sunday)            He said, “I will leave tomorrow.”

(On Sunday)            He said that he would leave tomorrow.

(On Monday)          He said that he would leave today.

(On Tuesday)          He said that he would leave yesterday.

(On Wednesday)   He  said that he would  leave  two  days before.

 

9.3.            Some changes of the word THIS :

     This in time expression becomes that.

e.g.           He said, “He will stay here this week.”

He said that he would stay here that week.

 

     This changes to the if it is used as adjective.

e.g.           He said, “I like this/these pearl (s) for my wife.”

He said that he liked the pearl (s) for his wife.

 

      This  /  these becomes it / they / them if it  functions  as pronoun.

e.g.           He asked, “Where did you find these ?”

He asked where I had found them.

 

We use an appropriate phrase if  this / these is used to  indicate choice or distinguish something from others.

e.g.           Desi : Which will you have ?

Dito : This one.

Desi  wanted  to  know which Dito would  have  and  he answered  that he would the one near him / the one  in his hand / the red one…etc.

 

9.4.            Here can become there or unchanged.

e.g.           We  met at the park and he said,” I will be here  again next week.”

We met at the park and he told that he would be  there the following week.

 

Our family was enjoying the scenery when I ran into my old friend. Then he asked me, “ What are you here for ?” After that, I told it to my father,” Dad, I have  just run into my old friend and he asked what we were  here for.”

Some examples for the combination of those changes :

  1. “I don’t know the way. Do you know it?”

He said that he didn’t know the way and asked me if I knew it.

  1. “Wear a coat. It is very cold outside.”

He advised me to wear a coat because it was very cold outside.

  1. “Are you hungry? Let’s find a restaurant near here.”

He  wanted to know whether we were hungry and  then  suggested finding a restaurant near here.

  1. Desi :  Oh…, how can you do that?

Ditto     : It  is easy. I just put this ink on the piece of paper and then blow it.

Desi    :  Can I try it ?

Ditto : Yes

Desi  was wondered  and  asked  how Ditto could do  that.  Ditto answered that it was easy and then explained that he just  put the ink on the piece of paper and then blew it. Desi asked him if she could try it and he said that she could.

  1. Ditto told  Desi  that  there  had been a very terrible accident  in  front of his house the previous day. Desi  was  surprised  and asked how the persons had been. He explained  that two of them had   died and the police had taken the others to hospital. Desi felt terrible and asked Ditto not to keep  on the story.

Ditto      :     There was a very terrible accident in front of my house yesterday.

Desi       :     Oh..my GOD ! How were the persons?

Ditto      :     Two of them died and the police took the others  to hospital.

Desi       :     Oh..no ! Please, don’t keep on this story?

 

GRAMMAR

CLAUSES

CLAUSES
1. ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

1.1.         DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

RELATIVE PRONOUNS

SUBJECT OBJECT POSSESSIVE
Person who

that

 who* / whom

that

 whose

 
Thing which

that

 which

that

 whose

of which

*who as object is commonly used in informal speaking.

We use Relative Pronoun as conjunctions.

1.1.1.        PERSON

1.1.1.1      Subject ( * The subject of the clause ) : WHO

e.g.           The police have arrested the man.

                    He robbed some banks in our city.

The combination of the two sentences is :

The  police have arrested the man who robbed some  banks in our city.

 

The girl is very intelligent.

She wants to continue her study abroad.

The combination is  :

The girl who wants to continue her study abroad is  very intelligent.

* What is underlined is  called “Adjective Clause” as it explains the noun.

1.1.1.2. Object  of  a verb :  WHOM (in formal uses), WHO (used in conversation)

( * We can omit the relative pronoun  )

e.g.           The man is learning a weather map seriously.

We want to meet him.

The combination is :

The  man whom we want to meet is learning a weather  map seriously. ( = The man we want to meet is learning a weather map  seriously.)

Mr. Andi, the director of this company will meet the men.

He has employed them for five years.

The combination is :

      Mr. Andi, the director of this company will meet the men whom he has employed for five years. ( =  Mr. Andi, the director of this company will meet the men he has employed for five years.)

1.1.1.3. Object of preposition : WHOM

e.g.          The man is the richest in this town.

I spoke to him yesterday.

The combination is :

The man whom I spoke to yesterday is the richest in this town.  (= The man to whom I spoke yesterday is the richest in this town. = The  man   I spoke to yesterday is the richest  in  this town.)

 

We don’t trust the salesman.

We bought these goods from him.

The combination is :

We  don’t trust the salesman whom we bought these  goods from. ( = We  don’t trust the salesman from whom we  bought  these goods =We don’t trust the salesman  we bought these goods from.)

1.1.1.4.    Possessive : WHOSE

e.g.           The people must pay a high tax.

The people’s salaries are more than fifty millions a year.

The combination is :

The people  whose  salaries are more than fifty  millions  a year must pay a high tax.

 

The film is about a spy.

His wife betrays him.

The combination is :

The film is about a spy whose wife betrays him.

 

I know the man.

You borrowed his book.

The combination is :

I know the man whose book you borrowed.

 

1.1.2.        THINGS

1.1.2.1. Subject : WHICH

e.g.           This is the picture.

It caused a great sensation.

The combination is :

This is the picture which caused a great  sensation.

 

The stairs are rather slippery.

They lead to the cellar.

The combination is :

The stairs which lead to the cellar are rather slippery.

1.1.2.2.Object of a verb : WHICH

e.g.          The car broke down after five kilometers.

I hired it.

The combination is :

The car which I hired broke down after five kilometers. ( =  The car  I hired broke down after five kilometers.)

 

We hate the lesson.

Mr. A teaches it.

The combination is :

We hate the lesson which Mr. A teaches. ( = We hate the lesson  Mr. A teaches.)

1.1.2.3.Object of preposition : WHICH

e.g.          The ladder began to slip.

I was standing on it.

The combination is  :

The ladder which I was standing on began to slip. ( =  The ladder on which I was standing  began to slip = The ladder  I was standing on began to slip.)

 

We need a room.

We can sleep in it.

The combination is :

We need a room which we can sleep in. ( = We need a room in which we can sleep =  We need a room  we can sleep in.)

1.1.2.4. We can replace “in/at which (of place )” with “WHERE”.

e.g.           We need a room in which we can sleep.

We need a room which we can sleep in.

We need a room where we can sleep.

 

The  bus  station at which I saw him for  the  first time has been renovated.

The  bus  station which I saw him for  the  first time has been renovated at.

The  bus station where I saw him for the first  time has been renovated.

1.1.2.5. “in/at/on which (of time)” can be replaced by “WHEN”.

e.g.           The  day on which we had a first date was very  wonderful.

The  day which we had a first date was very  wonderful on.

The day when we had a first date was very wonderful.

 

I  can’t remember the year in which I got  the  very terrible accident.

I  can’t remember the year which I got  the  very terrible accident in.

I can’t remember the year when I got the very terrible accident.

1.1.2.6.    “WHY” can replace “for which”

e.g.           The  reason  for which they cancel the game  can  be understood.

The  reason why they cancel the game can  be  understood.

1.1.2.7.    Possessive : WHOSE

e.g.           Living in a special house will be horrible.

Its walls are made of glass.

The combination is :

Living in a special house whose walls are made of  glass will be horrible.

 

1.2.            NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSE

RELATIVE PRONOUNS

Non-defining  relative clauses are placed before nouns which  are definite  already.  Therefore, they do not define the  nouns  but  add  some  information only.  Unlike defining  clauses, they can be omitted without causing  confusion and  are separated from their nouns by commas. “THAT” cannot  be used  in this construction and object relative pronouns can’t  be left out.

1.2.1.        Persons

1.2.1.1. subject : WHO

e.g.      –     Gita,  who  is  the most cute child in  my  family,  is trying to stand by herself.

-I  need to talk to my manager, who gave a list of  some recommendations.

 

1.2.1.2. object of a verb : WHO, WHOM

e.g.      –     My brother, whom my best friend loves, becomes a  chief of International Engineer Organization.

-Everyone suspected Joe, whom they saw inside that room.

1.2.1.3. object of a preposition : WHOM

e.g.      –     Mr. T, with whom I have an experiment, is very intelligent.

-Don’t you know her sister, to whom we gave our report ?

1.2.1.4. possessive : WHOSE

e.g.       –    Ditto, whose club won the Mathematics competition, has a certain project for teenagers.

-Would  you like to inform Mr Andre, whose firm  is  the biggest in our region?

 

1.2.2.        Things

1.2.2.1. subject : WHICH

e.g.       –    My dog, which fell from the fence yesterday, is getting better now.

-Look at this book, which has interesting cover!

1.2.2.2. object of a verb : WHICH

e.g.      –     These  data, which we found in his shelf, are not  complete.

-Tell me about your new piano, which your father gave on your birthday!

1.2.2.3.  object of preposition : WHICH

e.g.      –     This  pipe,  through  which the  gas  passes,  is  safe enough.

-Everyone knows Bali, in which we can enjoy some beautiful panorama.

1.2.2.4. possessive : WHOSE

e.g.      –     His house, whose garden is very impressing, was visited by some artists yesterday.

-We prefer this machine, whose speed is amazing.

 

  1. N O U N C L A U S E

The conjunctions that  are used for connecting the main clause and the  sub clause are :that  and  all of wh-questions such as, who, where, which, etc.

The positions of  Noun Clause in a sentence are :

2.1.            as subject

e.g.        –   That  she could win the first prize in that  competition makes everyone surprised.

-What I wrote contains many mistakes.

2.2.            as object of a verb

e.g.        –   Oh  …  My God! I forget that I have to  call  him  up before dinner.

-Don’t you know who has just met your parents?

  • Some verbs which can be followed by “that clause” are:

admit, agree, be afraid, be anxious, believe, confess, declare, decide,  expect,  fear, feel, forget,  guarantee,  hear,  hope, imagine,  inform, insist, know, mean, promise, prove,  realize, suggest, think, wish.

2.3.            as object of a preposition

e.g.       –    Listen! The headmaster has agreed to what we planned.

-The government asks about where the money has gone.

2.4.            as complement of to be

e.g.      –    My  question  is whose car is parking in  front  of  our gate.

-The  problem is that no one will be able to  follow  the increasing of prices.

 

  1. ADVERBIAL CLAUSES

3.1.            Adverb clause of time

The conjunctions are after, as soon as , when,  while,  until,  before, since, whenever.

e.g.      –     He will tell us about the result of the meeting when  he arrives.

-He went to bed after he had finished his work.

-They  had  fixed the car before they  started  on  their vacation.

-He won’t take a rest until he gets tired.

-Her child was crying while she was talking on the phone. (simultaneous actions)

-She  cut her finger while she was preparing the  dinner. (interrupted action)

-I have looked at a lot of apartments since I moved here in March.

-I’ll send you a cable as soon as I arrive there.

-We are ready to welcome you whenever you intend to  stay here.

 

3.2.            Adverb clause of reason

The conjunctions are because, as, since, for

e.g.         -  She doesn’t like oysters because they make her sick.

-As / Since they have heard so much about him, they  want to meet him now.

-They came indoors for it started to rain.

 

3.3.            Adverb clause of concession

The conjunctions are although, though, even  though, even if

e.g.    –      I couldn’t get a taxi although I was in a hurry.

-Even  though  he always studies hard, he isn’t  able  to understand trigonometry.

-I’ll eat my dessert even if it makes me fat.

 

3.4.            Adverb clause of purpose

The conjunctions are so that,  in order that

e.g.       –    The notices are written in several languages so that  foreign tourists can understand them.

-We  should read much in order that we are able to  catch up with the information of the new technology.

 

3.5.            Adverb clause of place

The conjunctions are where, wherever

e.g.       –    We will find him wherever he goes.

-We  have  decided  to have a meeting where  no  one  can disturb us.

 

3.6.            Adverb clause of condition

The conjunctions are if, unless, on condition that

e.g.         -  We  will leave for Surabaya today if they have  finished checking all of the data.

-He will get sick again unless he gets a lot of sleep  =   He will get sick again if he does not get a  lot  of  sleep.

-We  may have fun outdoors on condition that  the  rain stops.

 

3.7.            Adverb clause of manner

The conjunctions are as, as if

e.g.      –     You should do it well as your director ordered.

-Look  at those boys! They are running as if there were  a dog running after them.

 

3.8.            Adverb clause of comparison

The conjunctions are  as … as,  than

e.g.         -  He slept as soundly as the baby does.

-His  explanation is more understandable than I  listened from the television.

 

3.9.            Adverb clause of result

The conjunctions are so … that, such … that, so

e.g.        –   This  baggage is so heavy that I can’t carry it  by  myself.

-The host welcomed us so warmly that we felt  comfortable to stay there.

-It was such a huge crowd that I got lost yesterday.

-I  do  not feel well, so I want to go home  and  take  a rest.

 

 

GRAMMAR

DEGREES OF COMPARISON

DEGREES of COMPARISON

ADJECTIVES

REGULAR FORM :

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
One  syllable

Tall

great

 taller

greater

 tallest

greatest
Two syllables which end with, –ow, -y, -er

narrow

happy

clever

 narrower or more narrow

happier or more happy

cleverer or more clever

 narrowest or most narrow

happiest o most happy

cleverest or most clever
Other two syllables

Serious

famous

 more serious

more famous

 most serious

most famous
more than two syllables

Accurate

comfortable

 more accurate

more comfortable

 most accurate

most comfortable

IRREGULAR FORM

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
Good

Well

Bad

much/many

little

far

 Better

Better

Worse

more

less

farther / further

 Best

–

Worst

Most

Least

Farthest / furthest

1.1.           THE CONSTRUCTIONS OF COMPARISONS

1.1.1.   For the same degree in two persons and things, the construction is :

 S + to be / linking verb + as  +  positive adjective  +  as + noun (phrase).

 e.g.     These machines are as genuine as those ones.

His brother is as friendly as my brother.

1.1.2.        For the same degree in one person or thing, the construction is :       

 S + to be / linking verb + as + positive adjective + as + adj. /  sentence

e.g.           She is as intelligent as she is beautiful.

The questions are as long as confusing.

1.1.3.  For the Comparison of a greater degree in two persons/things, the construction is :             

 S + to be / linking verb  + comparative form + than + noun (phrase) / sentence.

e.g.           She is richer than I am / me.

1.1.4.  For the Comparison of a greater degree in one person / one thing, the construction is :

  S + to be/ linking verb + comparative form + than + adj. / sentence

e.g.           She is more smart than beautiful. (For one syllable, this form is more common than this “She is smarter than beautiful.”)

This  dictionary is more important than it is  expensive.

The workers are more skillful than diligent.

1.1.5.   For the comparison of a less degree in two persons / things, the construction is  :              

        S + to be / linking verb + comparative form + than + noun (phrase) / sentence   

        S + to be / linking verb + not so / as + positive adj.  + as noun (phrase)

 * less is used to show the less degree in more than one syllable

e.g.          I am less interested in sport than her.

They were less enthusiastic than we expected.

This  tree  is not so / as old as the one  near  that park.

Mr. Anton is not so / as kind as Mr. Totok is.

1.1.6.   to express the idea of continuing change, we use this pattern :

 S + to be / linking verb + comparative and  comparative

 e.g.          The lesson is more and more difficult.

Human being becomes cleverer and cleverer.

1.1.7.   To say that two changes happen together, we use this pattern :

The  comparative + S + to be, The comparative + S + to be

e.g.           The more important the book is, the more expensive it is.

The more diligent you are, the better your mark will be.

1.1.8.        Superlative form uses :

 S + to be / linking verb + the superlative form

e.g.           It is the most tiring work I have ever done.

He is the greatest artist in the world.

Andi is the best.

  1. ADVERB

The general form of adverb is :

Adjective + ly  

  It is used to explain a verb and an adjective.

e.g.      –     The President spoke angrily in his speech yesterday.

            –       Some students were extremely excited when the headmaster allowed them to go home earlier.

   REGULAR FORM :

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
One  syllable   

Hard

High

early

 Harder

Higher

Earlier

 Hardest

Highest

Earliest
Two  or  more  syllables

Quickly

perfectly

 more quickly

more perfectly

 most quickly

most perfectly

IRREGULAR FORM :

2.1.            CONSTRUCTIONS WITH COMPARISONS

  POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
well

badly

much

little

far

 better

worse

more

less

farther / further

 best

worst

most

least

farthest / furthest

The constructions in adverb are, principally, the same as those in adjective. The difference is that adverb explains verbs, so the sentence must be the verbal one.

When  the  same verb is used in the same sentence, an auxiliary is needed to substitute it.

2.1.1.   In the positive form, we use AS … AS with an  affirmative verb and AS / SO … AS with a negative one.

e.g.           He works as slowly as he walks.

He doesn’t snore as/so loudly as you do.

2.1.2.        with the comparative form, we use THAN :

e.g.           Our headmaster always comes earlier than we do.

He run more quickly than the others did.

2.1.3.   To say that two changes happen together, we use this pattern :

              The Comparative + S + Verb, The Comparative  + S + Verb

               The Comparative+ S + Verb, The Comparative  + S +/ to be +  Adj.

e.g.       –    The earlier you start, the sooner you will be back.

–    The more accurately you calculate this, the faster we make the construction.

2.1.4.  to express the idea of continuing change, we use this pattern :

 S + Verb +  Comparative  and  Comparative

e.g.     That man is walking more and more slowly.

It’s amazing. He does it better and better.

2.1.5.        Superlative form

e.g.          I like swimming best. (=  quite)

He wrote the least carefully.

She answered the most perfectly.

Most which is placed before an adjective or adverb and without The can mean VERY.

e.g.          She behaved most /  very generously.

He is most /  very apologetic.

  1. IDENTICAL FORM OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS.

3.1.      There  are  some adjectives that are formed by  adding  -ly  to nouns  which  show a period of time. They are  hourly,  daily, weekly,  fortnightly,  monthly, quarterly, yearly.  These  are also used as adverbs.

e.g.           There is an hourly service of train to Surabaya. (adj.)

The buses run hourly .   (adv.)

We publish the journal in monthly periodicals.  (adj.)

This journal is published monthly.  (adv.)

3.2.      When the suffix -ly is added to nouns such as man, king,  etc. the  words become adjectives. They can not  be  used  as adverbs. They are : brotherly, cowardly, (un) earthly, fatherly, (un)friendly, heavenly, kingly, leisurely, lively, lovely, masterly, motherly, (un)scholarly, womanly.

e.g.           He is the most cowardly of my friends.

The more lively the show is, the more interesting it is.

3.3.      Early, fast, half, long, and straight, are used  both as adjectives and adverbs.

e.g.           We had an early breakfast yesterday.  (adj.)

We should have breakfast earlier tomorrow.  (adv)

She is afraid to go with a fast train.  (adj.)

Don’t speak too fast!  (adv)

She needs  half a dozen of the bowls.  (adj.)

He didn’t half mean it (= he was serious)  (adv)

We have to have a long wait to get the form.  (adj.)

Have you waited for me longer?  (adv)

I want a straight answer of my question.  (adj.)

He came straight from Germany (= the flight had no transit).  (adv.)

3.4.      These adjective words are used as adverbs with and  without the suffix -ly.

3.4.1.   CHEAP  is more common with the verbs BUY and SELL :

e.g.           Do you like this shirt ? I bought it really cheap.

That shopkeeper buys cheap but doesn’t sell cheap.

3.4.2    CLEAN  means “ completely “ or “ absolutely “ and is usually used with preposition over, through and the adverb away and out :

e.g.     –      Sorry, I didn’t come up. I clean forgot it

–       We are afraid we will be clean out of the food before we reach the nearest village.

* Compare to this adverb

CLEANLY   means “ precisely “ and usually used with  the  verb CUT :

e.g.      –     The surgeon cleanly cut through the epidermis.

–       This machine cleanly cuts the wood which will be used for the qualified furniture.

3.4.3.        CLEAR  means “ not touching “ or “ quite “ :

e.g.          Keep clear of the border !

The thieves got clear away (from their pursuers)

* Compare to this adverb

  CLEARLY  has similar meanings to its adjective :

e.g.          I can see them so clearly through it

Do you clearly understand what I mean ?

3.4.4         CLOSE  means “ near “ :

e.g.           Stay closer to me !

Is there a good restaurant close to the beach ?

* Compare to this adverb

CLOSELY  means “ carefully, with great attention “ and “ near” before the past participle :

e.g.           Work on it closely ! It’s very important.

Follow his argument closely !

They are closely related to the murder .

3.4.5    DIRECT   means “ straight, without interrupting or  intermediaries “ :

e.g.           The plane goes direct from London to Houston.

I will communicate direct with them.

* Compare to this adverb

DIRECTLY  means “ at once, without delay or in a short time “:

e.g.           He left directly after breakfast.

Be calm, I’ll go directly there !

3.4.6         EASY  is used only  in a few phrases as follows :

e.g.           Take it easy ! (= relax)

Go easy ! (= not too fast)

Easier said than done.

* Compare to this adverb

EASILY  has similar meaning to its adjective :

e.g.          You will easily imagine it.

He won the race easily.

3.4.7         HIGH  refers to “ height “ :

e.g.           He could climb the most high.

She can jump really high.

* Compare to this adverb

HIGHLY  expresses “ an extreme degree or very much “ :

e.g.          This dance is highly amusing.

I can highly recommend it.

3.4.8         LATE  has the similar meaning to its adjective :

e.g.           Hurry up, I hate arriving late.

She will come later.

* Compare to this adverb of time

LATELY  means “ recently “  :

e.g.           I haven’t been busy lately.

Have you seen Anton lately ?

3.4.9    LOUD   is commonly used with the verb TALK, SPEAK, SHOUT,  and LAUGH :

e.g.           Don’t talk so loud, you will wake the people up!

Who laughed the loudest ?

* Compare to this adverb

LOUDLY  is more usual with other verbs :

e.g.          He called loudly for help.

Someone knocked loudly at the door.

3.4.10       MOST  means “ very “ ( in rather formal ) :

e.g.           Which part of the concert did you like most ?

What pleases me most is that he will come to see me.

You are a most unusual person.

* Compare to this adverb

MOSTLY  means “ almost all or generally “ :

e.g.           My best friends are mostly priests.

This medicine is mostly sugar and water.

3.4.11       RIGHT  means “ exactly, directly or all the way “ :

e.g.          Put it right in the middle !

Go right to this winding road and then turn left !

* Compare to this adverb

RIGHTLY  means “ correctly “ :

e.g.   Act right (ly) !

You guessed right (ly).

3.4.12       SHARP   means  :

  1. “ punctually “

e.g.          The meeting will begin at seven sharp.

The ceremony was opened at five o’clock sharp.

  1. “ suddenly  “

e.g.           Turn sharp to the left,  and you will see the building !

  1. “ above the true pitch ( music )  “

e.g.           Please, sing sharp. Your voice is too prominent.

* Compare this adverb

SHARPLY  means “ severely or harshly “ :

e.g.          He spoke too sharply to her.

That strange man looks sharply at me. I’m afraid.

3.4.13       WIDE  is the normal adverb :

e.g.           Open your mouth wide!

He was wide awake when the accident happened.

* Compare to this adverb

3.4.14  WIDELY   means “ at wide interval, or over a large area “  and is usually used before past participle:

e.g.         He has traveled widely.

The dust has been widely scattered.

GRAMMAR

NOUN and PRONOUN

NOUN AND PRONOUN

NOUN

In general, there are four kinds of noun :

  1. Common noun        :   e.g. dog, table, tree, man, … etc.
  2. Proper noun            :   e.g. Andi, Surabaya, Italy, … etc.
  3. Abstract noun         :   e.g. English, sadness, science, …etc.
  4. Collective noun       :   e.g. Crowd, group, audience, … etc.

1.1.            Countable Noun

Regular plural noun forming :

1.1.1         Most nouns have -s at the end of the singular form :

e.g.

   Singular plural
girl

page

table

book

 girls

pages

tables

books

1.1.2       If the singular form ends in s, x , z , ch or sh, the plural is formed by adding -es to the singular

e.g.

Singular plural
       box

church

Glass

Quiz

Watch

Wish

 boxes

churches

glasses

quizzes

watches

wishes

1.1.3.   The  plural  is formed by changing  y to –ies, if  the  singular form ends in y preceded by a consonant.

e.g.

Singular plural
baby

country

duty

lady

 babies

countries

duties

ladies

But if  y  is preceded by a vowel, there is only  -s ending :

e.g.

 Singular plural
boy

donkey

toy

turkey

 boys

donkeys

toys

turkeys

1.1.4.   The  plural  is added by -es, if the singular form  ends  in  O preceded by a consonant

e.g. 

Singular plural
Domino

hero

Tomato

potato

 dominoes

heroes

tomatoes

potatoes

Some exceptions (because they are not from English)

e.g.

Singular plural
piano

dynamo

kimono

photo

biro

 pianos

dynamos

kimonos

photos

biros

But  if  o is preceded by a vowel, the  plural  is added by -s :

e.g.

Singular plural
folio

radio

patio

 folios

radios

patios

1.1.5.        Most words end in f are added by -s

e.g.

  Singular plural
belief

chief

proof

roof

 beliefs

chiefs

proofs

roofs

Only some of them are changed into V + -es

e.g.

     Singular plural
calf

half

knife

leaf

Life

loaf

self

sheaf

shelf

thief

wife

wolf

 calves

halves

knives

leaves

lives

loaves

selves

sheaves

shelves

thieves

wives

wolves

1.1.6.        Compound nouns are added by -s or -es to the singular to  form the plural :

e.g.

  Singular plural
bookshelf

drugstore

landlady

roommate

 bookshelves

drugstores

landladies

roommates

But  hyphenated compound nouns are added by -s or -es  to  the first word of the combination

e.g.

Singular plural
hanger-on

looker-on

maid-of honor

mother-in law

passer-by

 hangers- on

lookers-on

maids-of honor

mothers-in law

passers-by

          

Irregular  Form

1.1.7.        Vowel change

e.g.

Singular plural
child

foot

goose

man

mouse

ox

 children

feet

geese

men

mice

oxen

1.1.8.        Many nouns from other languages are added by  -s or  -es to the singular, but here are some exceptions :

e.g.

Singular plural
alumnus

agendum

analysis

basis

crisis

criterion

datum

hypothesis

thesis

phenomenon

 alumni

agenda

analyses

bases

crises

criteria

data

hypotheses

theses

phenomena

But there are some that are optional

Singular plural
curriculum

formula

index

memorandum

stimulus

syllabus

 curriculums   or  curricula

formulas   or  formulae

indexes  or  indices

memorandums   or  memoranda

stimuli

syllabuses   or  syllabi

1.1.9.   The plural forms which have no singular one are pants,  scissors, shoes, shorts, trousers, … etc.

The verb for  these Nouns is in plural too.

e.g.      –     Scissors are used for cutting.

-     There were old trousers in the cupboard..

But if the noun is preceded by the measure of quality, the agreement of the verb depends on the number of  it.

e.g.    –       A pair of scissors is in his bag.

Some pairs of scissors are on my table  ( = some scissors are on my table)

1.1.10.   Nouns that are always singular (mostly from the abstract  one) are advice, baggage, furniture, information, knowledge, measles,  news,  rubbish,  … etc.

The verb for these Nouns are always singular.

e.g.     –      There is some important news that you should hear right now.

-   His new furniture has been sent.

1.1.11.   Name of science is singular, if it refers to an area of study, such as mathematics, economics, statistics, physics, … etc.

e.g.      –     Mathematics is my favorite lesson.

-    Statistics becomes more and more important.

But  if it refers to components / parts of an activity or  condition, it is plural :

e.g.     –      The statistics of the population growth in the world are amazing.

-   My mathematics are always bad.

1.1.12.   A few nouns are used both as a singular and a plural noun, like deer,  sheep,  fish,  species,  series, trout, … etc.

e.g.     A   :     We catch only a few fish

B    :     It’s all right. A few fish are enough for three of us.

1.2.            Uncountable Noun

Uncountable Noun is always singular.

To express the quantity,  use  some  certain  words (measures of quantity) such as :  cup, slice, piece, bottles, bar, … etc.

e.g.   –        I need some pieces of paper to type this report.

-   He bought a bottle of milk.

1.3.            The position of noun in noun phrase

1.3.1.        As adjective :

1.3.1.1. adjunct or attributive noun :

e.g.           stone chair,  mail box, …etc.  (* The bold word is noun but it functions as adjective)

Some  of  the possible meanings of the  relation  between  the first word and the second one :

1.3.1.2. The  first  noun gives the place where the second  comes  / happens / is found / used :

e.g.           a newspaper article                    Jakarta people

                    garden party                                  a table lamp

1.3.1.3. The first noun gives the time when the second happens /  is meant to be used :

e.g.           a day dream                                   morning coffee

                  midnight news                             Sunday paper

1.3.1.4. The first noun says what the second consists or is made of:

e.g.           an iron bridge                                 a puzzle magazine

                     cheese stick                                    hydrogen bomb

1.3.1.5. The  first noun says something about the function,  job  or role of the second :

e.g.           a conference room                      the telephone bill

a steam engine                              holiday plans

a shoe shop                                     a police chief

1.3.1.6. The second noun refers to an activity and the first noun is the object of the verb that describes that activity :

e.g.           adult education (=  the education for adult )

an animal training (= the training for animals)

1.3.1.7.  The second noun refers to a part or section of the first :

e.g.           the car door                     the river bank

                 violin strings                   the mountain slope

1.3.2  appositive noun (additional explanation) :

e.g.      –     Mr.  Andi,  a  director of this  company,  always  comes  early.

-The  most  beautiful  island in our  country,  Bali,  is visited  by  many tourists from  other  countries  every year.

1.3.3.        with possessive (possessive case) :

e.g.           her test,  their  house,  Mr. Totok’s  wife,   my dog’s food ..etc.

1.4.            The Position of Noun in a sentence

1.4.1.        as subject :

e.g.     –      Rendy is the cleverest in our class.

-The difficult problem in teenagers, love, should be handled carefully.

1.4.2.        as object

1.4.2.1  of  a  verb :

e.g.      –   I like dogs.

-The bank manager gave us  the new information.

IO  = us                 DO = the new information

DO = Direct Object

IO = Indirect Object

1.4.2.2.  as object of  preposition :

e.g.      –     She  is talking to the teacher.

-He  always  thinks  about his  parents.

My best friend bought  some novels for my sister.

DO = some novels                       IO= my sister

1.4.2.3. as a subject complement:

e.g.      –     That is our new teacher, Miss. Ernest.

-It has been our house since two years ago.

  1. P R O N O U N
Subject Object Poss. Adj. Poss. Pro. Reflexive Pronoun
I

you

we

they

He

She

it

 me

you

us

them

him

her

it

 my

your

our

their

his

her

its

 mine

yours

ours

theirs

His

Hers

–

 myself

yourself

yourselves

ourselves

themselves

himself

herself

itself

2.1             THE USE OF PRONOUN IN A SENTENCE

2.1.1         as subject :

e.g.           Mr. Totok is giving a speech. He is my husband.

My sister is fond of flowers. They are blooming now.

2.1.2.        as object  :

e.g.           Don’t you remember me?

There are some poor children. We have to take care of them with love.

There are three object positions in a sentence :

2.1.2.1.   S + V + DO + to + IO

The verbs  are  : announce,  describe,  explain,  introduce, mention,   prove,  repeat,  report,   say, speak, suggest.

e.g.           The teacher has explained the difficult unit to us.

DO     = the difficult unit              IO = us

Mr. Totok will introduce his wife to them.

DO    = his wife       IO = them

2.1.2.2.   S + V + DO + for + IO

The verbs  are : answer,  cash, change, close,  open,  pronounce, prescribe.

e.g.           I will answer the questions for you

DO     = the questions                    IO = you

Shall I close the window for you?

DO   = the window                IO = you

2.1.2.3.    S + V + IO + DO

The Verbs are : ask, cost, save, charge, and wish.

e.g.           The house costs me one hundred millions.

IO  = me                    DO = one hundred millions

He asks us some difficult questions.

IO = us                   DO = some difficult questions

Some verbs which can be used in two patterns ( look 2.1.2.1 and 2.1.2.3) : bring, give, lend, pass, read, send, sell , show, take, teach, tell, write.

e.g.           My uncle gave me some interesting books.

                                                   IO                        DO        

My uncle gave some interesting books to me.

DO    = some interesting books             IO = me

Some verbs which can be used in two patterns ( look 2 ) : buy, do, find, get, make.

e.g.  -  He bought me a bunch of flowers.

IO = me          DO = a bunch of flowers

He bought a bunch of flowers for me.

DO   = a bunch of flowers                         IO = me

2.1.3.        as object of preposition.

Some prepositions such  as  : to,  by, for, with, before, after,  about, from, near, under, … etc.

 e.g.      –     He said that he would go with me.

-I want to sit near him.

2.1.4.        as possessive adjective :

e.g.      –     The professor is doing a biology experiment. His experiment will be useful for medical treatment.

-The students are trying to prove the theory by making an experiment. Their results will be sent to the festival.

2.5.            as possessive pronoun:

e.g.    –       My answer is as perfect as hers.

-Her  argument is not relevant to the topic, but his  can make everyone realize what they should do.

2.6.            as reflexive and emphasizing pronoun :

2.6.1.        Reflexive pronoun for oneself :

e.g.      –     The residents of this complex build the small recreation park near their houses  for themselves.  (It is not open for public)

-Look ! That small bird is trying to reach the pea for itself. (There’s no other bird around)

-The man bought some fruit for himself  (because he has no  one in his house)   or   The man  bought  himself  some fruit.

2.6.2.        Reflexive pronoun to oneself :

e.g.     –      Don’t  always laugh at yourself whenever you  make  a mistake!

-We must look at ourselves before criticizing  someone else.

2.6.3.        Reflexive pronoun which shows being without accompaniment or being alone :

e.g.     –      I don’t like to pass through the cemetery by myself.

-She  is not able to walk by herself after she got  an accident.

2.6.4.        Emphasizing pronoun on subject :

e.g.      –     The headmaster will handle this problem himself    or  The headmaster himself will handle this problem.

-Miss. Lina wants to talk to you herself   or    Miss. Lina herself wants to talk to you.

2.6.5.        Emphasizing pronoun on object :

e.g.    –       I saw those strange animals themselves.

-The spy will send the message to the Prime Minister himself.

  1. INDEFINITE PRONOUN

3.1             Everyone/everybody and everything

Everyone/everybody  means all (the) people but it is followed  by singular verb.

e.g.     –      Everyone is ready  (= All the people are ready)

-Everybody knows it  (= All the people know it)

Everything means all (the) things and it is followed by  singular verb too.

e.g.       –    Everything has been run out  (= All the things have …)

-Everything was in order  (= All the things were …)

3.2.      someone/somebody, something, anyone/anybody, anything, no one/ nobody, nothing, someone/somebody, anyone/anybody, no one/nobody can be possessive :

e.g.    –       This is somebody’s passport.

-I need no one’s help.

like everyone/everybody, they have a singular meaning and take a singular verb but the personal pronoun is formally THEY :

e.g.      –    Nobody cares of this problem. They have their own

-Has anyone left their luggage in the safe place?

However,  with something, anything, nothing and everything, we use IT for the personal pronoun.

e.g.   –        Something goes wrong and we aren’t able to detect it.

-I don’t know where everything is. It may be somewhere.

3.3        ELSE can be placed after someone/anybody/nothing … etc.  and also the adverb somewhere, anywhere, everywhere and nowhere.

e.g.     –      I’m  afraid  I can’t help you now. Ask someone else  (= some other person)

-There won’t be anybody else here. (= any other person)

-You  may ask to everyone else for sure. (=  every  other person)

-You  will find no one else in my apartment. (= no  other person)

-It is enough. We don’t need anything else. (= any  other thing)

-Don’t you want to try somewhere else ? (= in/at/to  some other place)

GRAMMAR

SOME EXPRESSIONS

SOME EXPRESSIONS

COMMAND

1.1.     COMMAND is expressed by imperative

1.1.1.    The imperative for the second person

The form is infinitive without to :

e.g.    Hurry up!                              Be quiet!

Do it quickly!                       Be patient!

For  the  negative ( = prohibition) we put DON’T  before  the verb. It can mean a REQUEST not to do something :

e.g.    Don’t touch it!                            Don’t be shy!

Don’t leave it there!                Don’t be late!

Prohibition can be indicated by means of  brief announcements, with not allowed, prohibited or gerund (V1-ing):

e.g.    No smoking inside!

Swimming prohibited here!

Sandals not allowed in this office!

The person who is addressed is very often not mentioned, but it  can appear at the end of the phrase.

e.g.    Eat your dinner, Andi!

Come and join us, everybody!

“DO”  can be placed before the affirmative imperative  to  show the irritation or persuasion :

e.g.    Do be calm! It won’t help if you are panic.

Do forget it! I’m sick to hear it.

The  use of  PLEASE or WILL YOU softens a command into  a  REQUEST  and  the addition of WON’T YOU changes  an  imperative into an INVITATION:

e.g.    Close your books, please!   or   Please, close your book!

Hold it tightly, will you?

Have a share in this car, won’t you?  We still have enough space for both of you.

1.1.2.     The imperative for the first person.

The form :               LET’S  + infinitive without to.

This  form can be replaced by SHALL WE as SUGGESTION. (see MODAL)

e.g.    Let’s wait for them!   or   Shall we wait for them?

Let’s finish it now!  or   Shall we finish it now?

Let’s wait for them, shall we?

Let’s finish it now, shall we?

For the negative imperative, we put NOT before the verb :

e.g.    Let’s not repeat it!               Let’s not show it!

 

1.1.3.     The imperative for the third person

The form : LET HER / HIM / THEM / IT + infinitive without to

e.g.    Let  them  go by taxi =  They had better  go  by  train  (* more usual in modern English) in negative becomes “ They had better not go by train. “

1.2      Other ways of expressing COMMANDS.

Commands   are  often expressed as obligation by  MUST.  (see MODAL)

2.        REQUEST

Mostly  we  use MODAL in expressing request, but  here  are  some additions.

2.1.     formal request found in letters :

e.g.    I  should be grateful if you would tell me  whether  you have any vacancies.

Would  you  be kind / good enough to  keep  me  informed about the vacancies?

Would  you be so kind as to  keep  me  informed  about  the vacancies?

2.2.     with LET + noun or pronoun

e.g.    Let us know if you need our help.

Let me try it again.

Don’t let your dog enter my garden.

2.3.     WON’T YOU can mean invitation

e.g.    Won’t you stay a little longer?

Won’t you see my last creation?

 

3.        ADVICE

3.1.     OUGHT TO, and SHOULD (see MODAL)

3.2.     YOU HAD BETTER + Infinitive without to

e.g.    You had better take off your shoes

You’d better not follow this instruction

3.3.     IF I WERE YOU I SHOULD / WOULD ….

e.g.    If I were you, I would take this chance

If I were you, I’d not risk my position

3.4.     WHY DON’T YOU …

e.g.    Why don’t you take a computer course?

Why don’t you stay and wait for a moment?

 

4.        EXCLAMATION

e.g.    How nice (it is) to sit here with you!

How much wiser (it would have been) to reduce the speed.

What a pity (it is) to waste them!

What a pleasant surprise!

* it + be can be omitted

 

5.        OTHER EXPRESSIONS

5.1      INTRODUCING ONESELF

formal         :     Allow me to introduce myself. My name is …

Let me introduce myself. I’m …

I’m … How do you do?

response   :     Nice to meet you. My name is …

I’m … . How do you do?

informal     :     Hi. My name is … . What’s yours?

I’m … . How are you?

response   :     My name is …

I’m … . Fine, thanks.

 

e.g.     Mr. Bane   :     Let me introduce myself. My name is Bane.

Mr. Chan   :     I’m Chan. Nice to meet you.

 

5.2       INTRODUCING OTHERS

formal         :     I’d like to introduce my (the) …., …..( a name)

Let me introduce my …, … ( a name)

response   :     How do you do ?

informal     :     This is my …, … (a name)

response   :     Hi. I’m … . Pleased to meet you.

Hello, I’m … . Nice to meet you.

 

e.g.     Ali                 :     I’d like to introduce my new manager, Mr. Soma.

Mr. Alwi     :     How do you do?

 

5.3      Expressing GRATITUDE

Thank you so / very much. That’s very kind of you.

Thanks for …

I want to tell you how grateful I am …

I’m extremely grateful to you for …

I’m grateful for …

 

RESPONSE    :         You’re welcome

That’s all right

It’s a pleasure

Not at all

It’s nothing

 

e.g.                                    Mr. Andi    :     My daughter has been successful. I’m extremely grateful for your guiding her patiently.

Mrs. Ani     :     Not at all. I’m glad to help her. She is a smart girl.

 

5.4          Expressing A RESPOND TO GOOD NEWS

Oh… really?

How nice / wonderful / exciting (it is)!

I’m pleased / glad to her that!

Nice to hear that!

 

e.g.        Ronni          :     I’m invited to Mr. Joe’s concert. I have been looking forward to this moment since I met him last year.

Ita                 :     How wonderful! I hope you can enjoy your time.

 

5.5          Expressing SYMPATHY

I’ m sorry to hear that!

That’s too bad!

How awful / terrible!

 

e.g.        Mr. Fun      :     I lost my son in this beach two years ago.

Mr. Ian       :     I’m sorry to hear that. That must have been very hard for you.

5.6      ASKING AND GIVING OPINION

asking an opinion :               giving an opinion :

What do you think of …      In my opinion …

How about …                          I think that …

It seems to me that …

According to my opinion, …

 

e.g.     Oscar        :        What do you think about the seminar which I held last week?

Lea            :        I think that it was successful enough. However, you must pay attention on the time. Some guests felt bored.

 

5.7      Expressing LIKE and DISLIKE

The verbs expressing “like” are adore, love, be crazy about, be mad about, like, be fond of, be keen of ( * These verbs are followed by noun or verb1-ing)

e.g.    I love gardening much.

She is fond of talking about plants.

The verbs expressing dislike are dislike, hate, can’t stand, can’t bear ( * These verbs are followed by noun or verb1-ing).

e.g.    They dislike practicing under the sunshine.

I can’t stand his bad behavior.

5.8      Expressing APOLOGY

I’m terribly / extremely sorry for …

I’m sorry for …

I apologize for …

 

e.g.     Rins           :     I’m sorry for the trouble that I made yesterday.

Arl             :     It’s all right.

5.9      Expressing AGREEMENT and DISAGREEMENT

agreement                                   disagreement

I agree                                            I disagree

I think so                                       I don’t think so

Certainly                                        That’s not right

I’m sorry, but you are wrong.

 

e.g.     Shinta      :     I think that the people here don’t have any knowledge about farming.

Arin           :     I don’t think so. Look ! The plants are growing fertilely.

 

Clark         :     The film doesn’t have any interest at all.

Fenn         :     I think so.

 

5.10    expressing

SATISFACTION

I’m satisfied

It satisfies me much

It gives me much satisfaction

It’s really satisfying

 

DISAPPOINTMENT

I’m really disappointed

It disappoints me much

It doesn’t give any satisfaction at all

It is disappointing

 

e.g.     Jay             :     How about your trip ?

Lita            :     It satisfies much. I plan to visit those places again next year.

 

Irene        :     What do you think about the service in that restaurant ?

Fandy       :     It doesn’t give any satisfaction at all. The waitress aren’t kind and the food is terrible.

 

 

 
GRAMMAR