Month: July 2018

Chapter One

CHAPTER ONE

SUBJECT AND VERB,  KINDS OF SUBJECT,  OBJECT OF PREPOSITION, APPOSITIVE NOUN

TASK ONE

Pay attention on whether each sentence has a subject and a verb.

State whether each sentence is correct (C) or incorrect (I)!

  1. Every one amused because of the excellent performances.
  2. We have seen the reason.
  3. He was traveling to some countries during the last summer.
  4. By this time tomorrow, will be holding an opening ceremony.
  5. Due to the strong wind, the departure of my flight cancelled.
  6. Mathematics is always frightening for students.
  7. Last night thief in my house.
  8. My happiness to serve you
  9. We feel it safe to bike in this city.
  10. There is a lot o f information about these wonderful tourist destinations.
  11. The guests have in the hall for an hour.
  12. His statement doesnt influence our work.
  13. The people discussing about the new leader.
  14. Every day takes a walk with his dog.
  15. The teachers advice can change her mind.
  16. The temperature hotter and hotter.
  17. The attractions by the Japanese are being shown now.
  18. Left their home in the early morning tomorrow.
  19. A super-mall is gong to built in this town.
  20. They have succeeded in holding an auction for charity.

TASK TWO

There are four kinds of subjects :

Noun Phrase (NP), Pronoun (P), Gerund (G), and Noun Clause (NC).

Underline the subject ,then state whether the subject is Noun Phrase (NP), Pronoun (P), Gerund (G), or  Noun Clause (NC)!

  1. His talent brings him to a lot of countries.
  2. Serving customers warmly must become a priority.
  3. That they will meet the President himself hasnt been decided yet.
  4. They spoke about humanity and human rights.
  5. How good the news is depends on the journalists credibility.
  6. The journey to Mecca on foot by a man from Pekalongan amazed the people in the world.
  7. Staring at the stars while sitting on the beach satisfies his soul.
  8. The wildness of the world should be faced by much knowledge and a strong will.
  9. Being humble is rarely found among the authorities.
  10. He doesnt want to admit his weaknesses.
  11. We were invited to speak in the national congress on the youth entrepreneurship.
  12. Why the activities of terrorists cannot be detected and prevented easily becomes the Presidents great concern.
  13. Gaining as much money as possible leads the people to do crimes, including corruption.
  14. She says that she is going to gather good people to save the nature.
  15. The leaders decision on the budget recovery is final.
  16. Educating is not a matter of transferring knowledge.
  17. Who will win in this contest is difficultly decided,
  18. The stage manager is controlling the performers efficiently.
  19. I am reminded to control my anger with the uncontrolled children.
  20. What will be left in their mind is your kindness.

TASK THREE

Beware to the object of preposition!

 State whether each sentence is correct (C)or incorrect (I).

  1. In the classrooms were left yesterday.
  2. After the ceremony, they had a small feast to celebrate their graduation.
  3. In the cupboard at the corner of the room my pencil box.
  4. The evergreen trees in the slope of the mountain at the north of this town.
  5. What you are looking for is in this mall.
  6. The audience in the concert gave an ovation standing in a long applause.
  7. Interested in the research on nano technology.
  8. The animals in the zoo at the center of this town from many countries.
  9. He is disguising in the cost- play festival.
  10. The contestants in this contest good at acting the challenging characters.
  11. Speaking to the public must be done communicatively.
  12. Later, at the third day of the Christmas holiday, there will be many gifts for the children.
  13. By the next two years in the region near the canyon.
  14. At the to of the tree in the school yard is found.
  15. We sang with the best choir in this city.
  16. The songs in her third albums are the peoples favorite.
  17. The great explosion at the mall in the suite complex caused a great shock.
  18. The journey to the dark by the companions of the great ring bearer was perilous.
  19. In the heavy rain feels cold.
  20. Living with the wilds for more than 10 years in the dense jungle.

 

TASK FOUR

Appositive is the noun added to explain the other noun.

Example :Jakarta, the Capital City of Indonesia, becomes more and more crowded.

Fill in the  blank with the appropriate appositive!

  1. ….., Mr. Ahmadian is looking for the children with a special talent.
  2. We still cannot find the fastest route to Surabaya, ….
  3. The coconut trees, ….. , are abundantly found a long the road to the beach.
  4. The red color, …, dominates the atmosphere of this restaurant.
  5. …, squirrel hibernate during the winter.
  6. Fishermen are much helped by dolphins, …
  7. People are amazed to …, the picture of Mysterious Smile.
  8. Arthur Conan Doyle, …, was successful in arising peoples curiosity when reading his novels.
  9. Shizuka, …, represents the clever girl with a kind heart.
  10. The founder of the biggest company, …, stated that his employees had to be creative and innovative.
  11. People in the world know Bali, …, more than Indonesia.
  12. On our independence day, …, people only focus on the celebration without understanding its value.
  13. The nearest planet from the Earth, …, has similar geographical features to ours.
  14. Chinese, …, has become the major subject in many high schools in the world.
  15. …, the carnivore plants, trap the insects to enter the flower by its smell.
  16. The everlasting cartoon movie from japan, …, educates parents not to spoil their children by giving everything they want.
  17. The novel on magical stories, …, has so successfully screened that many people are awaiting for the next movie.
  18. Drone, …, becomes more and more popular for the journalists.
  19. The most excellent football team, …, has won six championships in this year season.
  20. If many people had the heart of Mother Theresa, …, there wont be no hunger and poor in the world.

REVIEW

Choose the correct answer!

  1. … keeps our body fit.  (A. Having a regular exercise ;   B. To having a regular exercise;     C. For a regular exercise;   D.  It a regular exercise)
  1. … , Mr. Handoyo, built a nature based in school in the remote region.  (A.Being the owner;    B.  The owner of this company;   C.He;     D.   This company)
  1. There some riots to protest the new law on handling the corruption. (A.are;   B.  are which;    C. are going to be;     D. going to be)
  1. It to read the hoaxes in the social media. (A. annoys;   B. is annoying;  C.annoyed;    D.  is annoyed)
  1. to read makes people easily influenced by hoaxes.  (A. The laziness;   B.Lazy;    C. To lazy;    D.  Its lazy)
  1. can speak English well makes Indonesia difficult to compete with other countries.  (A. 50% of Indonesia;   B.   That less than 50% of Indonesia;   C.Less than 50% of Indonesia;  D.  What less than 50% of Indonesia)
  1. He when someone bullies him.  (A. loses;   B.  loses his temper;  C.  his temper;    D.  never lose)
  1. , the quitar, is easily learnt by my children.  (A. That the string musical instrument;   B.  That is the string musical instrument;   C.  the string musical instrument;   D.  It is the string musical instrument)
  1. People by the fire cracker show.   (A. amazing;    B;  are amazing;   C.amazed;    D.  are amazed)
  1. 45 minutes after eating can vanish the fat found in our food.  (A.Drinking warm water;    B.  To drinking warm water;   C.  Drink warm water;  D.  It is to drink warm water)
  1. maximally is the important period the parents must know.  (A. The brain grows;   B. That the brain grows    C.  Growing brain;   D.  When the brain grows)
  1. At the factory near my home town some dangerous chemicals .  (A. are producing;   B.  producing;   C. are produced;   D.  produced)
  1. Many Indonesian children dont know , Soekarno, was exilled for many years.  (A. our first president;   B. why our first president;   C.  that our first president;   D.  who is)
  1. Some people are trying to change the foundation of our country, .  (A.Pancasila;   B.  it is Pancasila;    C.  that is Pancasila;   D.  is Pancasila)
  1. The number of some wild animals in the forests of the tropical countries (A. is decreasing more and more;  B. that is decreasing more and more;   C.decreasing more and more;  D.  which decreases more and more)
  1. The nocturnal animal, , detects the thing in front of it by its sharp Eyes. (A. it is a bat;   B. bat;   C.  is bat;   D.  that bat)
  1. The students knowledge on this country .  (A. is poor;   B.  it is poor;  C.poor;  D.  that is poor)
  1. , dietary drink, is mostly chosen by women in dieting. (A. Its Green tea;  B.  Which is Green tea;  C.  Green tea;  D.  That Green tea)
  1. deadly in this region is being explained by the doctor.  (A. Why the acute scurvy becomes;  B. That the acute scurvy;   C.  The acute scurvy becomes; D.  The acute scurvy)
  1. , the most favorite transportation nowadays, gives much comfort to the passengers.  (A. That is a train;   B. Train;   C.  Of the train;   D.  It is a train)

Back to Exercises for TOEFL preparation

PASSIVE VOICE

PASSIVE VOICE

General form of passive :

for simple tenses

To be + past participle (V3)

for continuous tenses

to be + being + past participle (V3)

EXAMPLES of PASSIVE SENTENCES IN DIFFERENT TENSES

Simple Present

The building is repainted .

Present Continuous

The building is being repainted.

Simple Past

The building was repainted.

Past Continuous

The building was being repainted.

Simple Present Future

The building will be repainted.

Present Future Continuous

The building will be being repainted .

Simple Present Perfect

The building has been repainted.

Present Perfect Continuous

The building has been being repainted.

Simple Past Perfect

The building had been repainted.

Past Perfect Continuous

The building had been being repainted.

Simple Past Future

The building would be repainted.

Past Future Continuous

The building would be being repainted.

Simple Present Future Perfect

The building will have been repainted.

Present Future Perfect Continuous

The building will have been being repainted.

Simple Past Future Perfect

The building would have been repainted.

Past Future Perfect Continuous

The building would have been being repainted.

Modal Auxiliaries

The building should be repainted.

The building must be repainted.

 

  1. Passive with BY + AGENT

AGENT is important when the speaker wants to emphasize who or what something is done by (the doer). In most Passive Voice, however, there is no agent.

e.g. Her attitude shocked me (active)

I was shocked by her attitude (passive)

Who wrote the information? (active)

Whom was the information written by? (passive)

Look, He has arranged all the books well.

Look, all the books have been arranged well.

Sometimes, by is not necessary because everybody knows who does it.

 

  1. Passive in verbs with two objects

There are two possibilities of Passive when certain verb has two objects. (see the position of Noun in a sentence on chapter five)

e.g. They have already sent us the newest information. (active)

We have already been sent the newest information . (passive)

The newest information has already been sent to us. (passive)

 

He bought her a beautiful house (active)

She was bought a beautiful house (passive)

A beautiful house was bought for her (passive)

 

  1. Passive in sentence with Noun Clause

We can use the clause as subject or with IT as the introduction.

e.g. Scientists has proved that there is also an aura surrounding the plants . (active)

That there is also an aura surrounding the plants has been proved (by scientist) (passive)

It has been proved (by scientists) that there is also an aura surrounding the plants (passive)

 

No body knows where she has gone (active)

Where she has gone is not known (passive)

It is not known where she has gone (passive)

 

  1. Passive in Verb + Object + Infinitive construction

e.g. He asked me not to cover the whole things in the conference . (active)

I was asked not to cover the whole things in the conference. (passive)

The headmaster generally allows us to follow any competition. (active)

We are generally allowed to follow any competition by the headmaster. (Passive)

 

There are some verbs that cant be converted into passive : like, want, wish, prefer.

 

  1. Passive in Verb + preposition + Object combination

he preposition will remain after the verb.

e.g. We must write to him (active)

He must be written to (passive)

 

You can play with these cubs quite safely (active)

These cubs can be played with quite safely (passive)

 

GRAMMAR

REPORTED SPEECH

REPORTED SPEECH

THE GENERAL FORM OF :

Direct Speech : She said, I am confused.

Reported Speech : She said that she was confused.

(* Reported speech is a sentence with Noun Clause)

 

  1. REPORTED SPEECH can be called as INDIRECT SPEECH

The conversion of Direct Speech into Indirect Speech needs some grammatical changes :

2.1. When the main verb is in Simple Present, Simple Present Future or Simple Present Perfect, theres no change in tense for the sentence between quotation marks ().

e.g. She says, I have given him the reasons.

She says that she has given him the reasons.

 

She will ask, Am I wonderful ?

She will ask if she is wonderful.

 

She has told, I didnt recognize him last night.

She has told that she didnt recognize him the night before.

 

* Indirect Speech is introduced by a verb in present tense when we are :

  1. reporting a conversation that is still going on
  2. reading a letter and reporting what it says
  3. reading instructions and reporting them

 

2.2. On the other hand, there is a change in tense when the main verb is in the Past.

Here are the changes :

Direct Speech Indirect Speech

 

Simple Present Simple past

He explained, I never eat meat. He explained that he never ate

meat.

Present Continuous Past Continuous

He said, I am waiting for my son. He said that he was waiting

for his son.

Simple Past Simple Past Perfect

He stated, The people knew He stated that the people had

it well” known it well.

Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous

He told, My director was having He told that his director had

a meeting.” been having a meeting.

Simple Present Perfect Simple Past Perfect

He exclaimed, I have mastered He exclaimed that he had

the language.” mastered the language.

Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous

He said, I have been waiting for He said he had been waiting

ages.” for ages.

Simple Past Perfect Simple Past Perfect

He told me, You had hurt her He told me that I had hurt her.

Past Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous

He said, We had been taking this He said that they had been

course for a year.” taking the course for a year.

Simple Present Future Simple Past Future

He told, The guest will come. He told that the guest would

come.

Present Future Continuous Past Future Continuous

He told, We will be having He told that they would be

a long journey next month. having a long journey next

month.

Can, May Could, Might

He said, I can finish it on time He said that he could finish it

on time.

He told me, You may take it for He told me that I was allowed

a long time. to (might) take it for a long

time.

Might, Should, Could, would Might, Should, Could, would

He said, You should see He said that I should see a

a doctor. doctor.

He said, It might be different He said that it might be

from yours. different from mine.

He said, They couldnt find He said that they couldnt find

the answer. the answer.

He said, I would visit this place. He said that he would visit

the place.

Must (necessary at present) Had to

He told, They must be careful He told that they had to be careful

Must ( necessary at future) Would have to

He told, You must hand in your He told that I would have to

work tomorrow. hand in my work the day after.

  1. Statement sentence in Direct Speech

3.1. If the sentence between the quotations is A STATEMENT ( in affirmative or negative ), the conjunction for the indirect one is THAT.

e.g. See the examples on point 2.2 !

In written English, past tenses usually change to past perfect ones, but there are the following exceptions :

3.2. Past / past continuous used in time clauses

e.g. He said, When I was living in St. Agustin, I visited the art gallery many times.

He said that when he was living in St. Agustin, he visited the art gallery many times. / had visited the art gallery many times.

3.3. The advice form IF I WERE YOU, I SHOULD/WOULD …

3.4. Conditional sentences type 2 and 3 ( See CONDITIONAL SENTENCES)

e.g. Andrew said, If my children were older, I would move to another town.

Andrew said that if his children were older, he would move to another town.

3.5. Must in interrogative usually becomes had to.

e.g. He asked Desi, Must you take this course ?

He asked Desi if she had to take the course.

3.6. Could with a past meaning :

permission can be the same or change to was / were allowed to infinitive.

e.g. He said, I couldnt go by myself when I was a child.

He said that he couldnt / was not allowed to go by himself when he was a child.

ability can be unchanged or become had been able to.

e.g. He exclaimed, I could read well when I was three.

He exclaimed that he could / had been able to read well when he was three.

 

  1. The interrogative (question) sentence in Direct Speech

4.1. If the sentence in quotation is in question with auxiliaries. (Yes/No question), whether or if becomes the conjunction for the Indirect Speech.

e.g. She asks, Have you told him about our certificate?

She asks whether I have told him about our certificate.

 

She asked, Are you satisfied?

She wanted to know if I was satisfied.

* Note for whether :

4.1.1. It can emphasize a choice :

e.g. He asked, Do you want to go by air or sea?

He asked whether I wanted to go by air or sea.

 

He asked, Do you need to insure your jewelry or not?

He asked me whether or not I needed to insure my jewelry.

He asked if I needed to insure my jewelry or not.

4.1.2. It is used when the Direct Question contains a Conditional Clause.

e.g. He wondered, Will you move to Surabaya if you get a job there?

He wondered whether I would move to Surabaya if I got a job there.

 

4.2. When the Direct Questions begin with question words (e.g. what where, who), they function as the conjunctions.

e.g. She asked, Where do you live?

She asked where I lived.

 

The teacher asked, What are you looking at?

The teacher asked what I was looking at.

4.2.1 Asking for an advice / instruction which uses SHALL is usually reported by should.

e.g. The porter asked, Shall I send it to your room, Madam?

The porter asked if he should send it to her room.

 

Ani asked, What shall I say to him, mother?

Ani asked her mother what she should say to him.

 

  1. To infinitive construction in Indirect Speech

5.1. Indirect command, request, and advice use this structure :

main verb of command / request / advice + Object + to infinitive.

The main verbs that are used for this pattern are : advise, ask, beg, command, encourage, forbid, invite, order, recommend, remind, request, urge, warn.

e.g. She said, You had better hurry, Bill?

She advised Bill to hurry.

 

She said, If I were you, I should leave a message for him.

She advised her friend to leave a message for him.

 

She said, Would you like to give me a hand, please?

She asked me to give her a hand.

 

She said, Sit down near the pool, wont you?

She invited us to sit down near the pool.

 

5.2. Negative command / request or advice can be reported in this construction :

S + main verb of command / request or advice + object + not + to infinitive.

e.g. His wife said, Please, dont take any risk!

His wife begged him not to take any risk.

 

He said, Dont forget to write down your name!

He reminded us to write down our name.

 

He said, Dont be afraid. Try again!

He encouraged him to try again.

 

He said, Dont leave the house unlocked!

He warned us not to leave the house unlocked.

 

Her mother said, Forget all about this young man and dont see him again or answer his letter!

Her mother advised her to forget all about the young man and forbade her to see him again or answer his letter.

 

5.3. Agreement, offer, refusal, promise and threat are reported in this construction :

Agree / Refuse / Offer / Promise / Threaten + to infinitive construction.

e.g. She asked, Shall I bring you some tea?

She offered to bring me some tea.

 

She asked, Would you like a drink?

She offered me a drink = She asked me if I would like a drink.

 

She said, No, I wont lend you any more money!

She refused to lend me any /some more money.

 

She said, Dont worry, I will return it by Monday!

She promised to return it by Monday.

 

He said, We will broadcast it through television if you do not cooperate with us.

He threatened to broadcast it through television if the state employees didnt cooperate with them.

 

Desi : Would you mind driving me home?

Dito : All right.

Desi asked Dito to drive her home and Budi agreed to.

 

  1. Gerund construction in Indirect Speech

Admit / Deny / Apologize for / Suggest + gerund construction

e.g. Desi : Did you take my work?

Dito : Yes, I did because of my recklessness.

Desi asked if Dito had taken her work and he admitted taking it because of his recklessness.

 

She said, Im sorry that I have hurt you!

She apologized for having hurt me.

 

She said, Shall we have a rest for a moment?

She suggested having a rest for a moment.

 

  1. From Direct Speech with LETS and LET.

7.1. Lets (suggestion)

e.g. She said, Lets go on to the next part!

She suggested going on to the next part or She suggested that we should go on to the next part.

He said, Lets not use this formula!

He suggested not using the formula or He suggested that we shouldnt use the formula.

7.2. Let him / her / them…etc. (Ask for permission)

e.g. She said to Risang, Let her join our club!

She asked Risang to let her join their club.

 

  1. Exclamation and Yes/No answer

8.1. Exclamation ( *It is adjusted with the meaning, so everyone may use their creativity and ability in making sentences to change it).

e.g. He said, Welcome!

He welcomed us.

 

He screamed, Oh….my goodness, I dont believe it!

He was surprised and told that he didnt believe it.

 

He said, May a wonderful joy always be in your life!

He wished me to always have a wonderful joy in my life.

 

8.2. YES / NO answer is expressed by Subject + appropriate auxiliaries.

e.g. Dito : Can you swim?

Desi : No

Dito asked if Desi could swim and Desi answered that she couldnt.

 

Dito : Have you looked up those words in the dictionary?

Desi : Yes, of course.

Dito wanted to know whether Desi had looked them up in the dictionary and Desi said that she had.

 

  1. Other necessary changes when we convert Direct Speech into Indirect Speech

9.1. Pronouns will change in accordance to the meaning of the sentence.

e.g. I forget the combination of my safe, he said.

He said that he forgot the combination of his safe.

 

Desi, you have overcooked the steak, mother said.

Mother said to Desi that she had overcooked the steak.

 

9.2. The adverbial phrases of time will change as follows :

Direct Speech Indirect Speech

now = then

today = that day

yesterday = the day before / the previous day

the day before yesterday = two days before

a year ago, two months ago, etc. = a year or two months before

tomorrow = the next day / the following day / the day after

the day after tomorrow = in two days time / the next two days /

the following two days /

two days after

next week, next year, etc. = the following week / year

 

e.g. I will do it tomorrow , he promised.

He promised to do it the day after.

 

But if the speech is reported on the same day, the time changes are not necessary.

e.g. At breakfast this morning he said, I will be very busy today.

At breakfast this morning he said that he would be very busy today.

 

A logical adjustment is necessary when the speech is reported in one or more days after it is made.

e.g. (On Sunday) He said, I will leave tomorrow.

(On Sunday) He said that he would leave tomorrow.

(On Monday) He said that he would leave today.

(On Tuesday) He said that he would leave yesterday.

(On Wednesday) He said that he would leave two days before.

 

9.3. Some changes of the word THIS :

This in time expression becomes that.

e.g. He said, He will stay here this week.

He said that he would stay here that week.

 

This changes to the if it is used as adjective.

e.g. He said, I like this/these pearl (s) for my wife.

He said that he liked the pearl (s) for his wife.

 

This / these becomes it / they / them if it functions as pronoun.

e.g. He asked, Where did you find these ?

He asked where I had found them.

 

We use an appropriate phrase if this / these is used to indicate choice or distinguish something from others.

e.g. Desi : Which will you have ?

Dito : This one.

Desi wanted to know which Dito would have and he answered that he would the one near him / the one in his hand / the red one…etc.

 

9.4. Here can become there or unchanged.

e.g. We met at the park and he said, I will be here again next week.

We met at the park and he told that he would be there the following week.

 

Our family was enjoying the scenery when I ran into my old friend. Then he asked me, What are you here for ? After that, I told it to my father, Dad, I have just run into my old friend and he asked what we were here for.

Some examples for the combination of those changes :

  1. I dont know the way. Do you know it?

He said that he didnt know the way and asked me if I knew it.

  1. Wear a coat. It is very cold outside.

He advised me to wear a coat because it was very cold outside.

  1. Are you hungry? Lets find a restaurant near here.

He wanted to know whether we were hungry and then suggested finding a restaurant near here.

  1. Desi : Oh…, how can you do that?

Ditto : It is easy. I just put this ink on the piece of paper and then blow it.

Desi : Can I try it ?

Ditto : Yes

Desi was wondered and asked how Ditto could do that. Ditto answered that it was easy and then explained that he just put the ink on the piece of paper and then blew it. Desi asked him if she could try it and he said that she could.

  1. Ditto told Desi that there had been a very terrible accident in front of his house the previous day. Desi was surprised and asked how the persons had been. He explained that two of them had died and the police had taken the others to hospital. Desi felt terrible and asked Ditto not to keep on the story.

Ditto : There was a very terrible accident in front of my house yesterday.

Desi : Oh..my GOD ! How were the persons?

Ditto : Two of them died and the police took the others to hospital.

Desi : Oh..no ! Please, dont keep on this story?

GRAMMAR

CLAUSES

CLAUSES
1. ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

1.1. DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

RELATIVE PRONOUNS

SUBJECT OBJECT POSSESSIVE
Person who

that

 who* / whom

that

 whose

 
Thing which

that

 which

that

 whose

of which

*who as object is commonly used in informal speaking.

We use Relative Pronoun as conjunctions.

1.1.1. PERSON

1.1.1.1 Subject ( * The subject of the clause ) : WHO

e.g. The police have arrested the man.

He robbed some banks in our city.

The combination of the two sentences is :

The police have arrested the man who robbed some banks in our city.

 

The girl is very intelligent.

She wants to continue her study abroad.

The combination is :

The girl who wants to continue her study abroad is very intelligent.

* What is underlined is called Adjective Clause as it explains the noun.

1.1.1.2. Object of a verb : WHOM (in formal uses), WHO (used in conversation)

( * We can omit the relative pronoun )

e.g. The man is learning a weather map seriously.

We want to meet him.

The combination is :

The man whom we want to meet is learning a weather map seriously. ( = The man we want to meet is learning a weather map seriously.)

Mr. Andi, the director of this company will meet the men.

He has employed them for five years.

The combination is :

Mr. Andi, the director of this company will meet the men whom he has employed for five years. ( = Mr. Andi, the director of this company will meet the men he has employed for five years.)

1.1.1.3. Object of preposition : WHOM

e.g. The man is the richest in this town.

I spoke to him yesterday.

The combination is :

The man whom I spoke to yesterday is the richest in this town. (= The man to whom I spoke yesterday is the richest in this town. = The man I spoke to yesterday is the richest in this town.)

 

We dont trust the salesman.

We bought these goods from him.

The combination is :

We dont trust the salesman whom we bought these goods from. ( = We dont trust the salesman from whom we bought these goods =We dont trust the salesman we bought these goods from.)

1.1.1.4. Possessive : WHOSE

e.g. The people must pay a high tax.

The peoples salaries are more than fifty millions a year.

The combination is :

The people whose salaries are more than fifty millions a year must pay a high tax.

 

The film is about a spy.

His wife betrays him.

The combination is :

The film is about a spy whose wife betrays him.

 

I know the man.

You borrowed his book.

The combination is :

I know the man whose book you borrowed.

 

1.1.2. THINGS

1.1.2.1. Subject : WHICH

e.g. This is the picture.

It caused a great sensation.

The combination is :

This is the picture which caused a great sensation.

 

The stairs are rather slippery.

They lead to the cellar.

The combination is :

The stairs which lead to the cellar are rather slippery.

1.1.2.2.Object of a verb : WHICH

e.g. The car broke down after five kilometers.

I hired it.

The combination is :

The car which I hired broke down after five kilometers. ( = The car I hired broke down after five kilometers.)

 

We hate the lesson.

Mr. A teaches it.

The combination is :

We hate the lesson which Mr. A teaches. ( = We hate the lesson Mr. A teaches.)

1.1.2.3.Object of preposition : WHICH

e.g. The ladder began to slip.

I was standing on it.

The combination is :

The ladder which I was standing on began to slip. ( = The ladder on which I was standing began to slip = The ladder I was standing on began to slip.)

 

We need a room.

We can sleep in it.

The combination is :

We need a room which we can sleep in. ( = We need a room in which we can sleep = We need a room we can sleep in.)

1.1.2.4. We can replace in/at which (of place ) with WHERE.

e.g. We need a room in which we can sleep.

We need a room which we can sleep in.

We need a room where we can sleep.

 

The bus station at which I saw him for the first time has been renovated.

The bus station which I saw him for the first time has been renovated at.

The bus station where I saw him for the first time has been renovated.

1.1.2.5. in/at/on which (of time) can be replaced by WHEN.

e.g. The day on which we had a first date was very wonderful.

The day which we had a first date was very wonderful on.

The day when we had a first date was very wonderful.

 

I cant remember the year in which I got the very terrible accident.

I cant remember the year which I got the very terrible accident in.

I cant remember the year when I got the very terrible accident.

1.1.2.6. WHY can replace for which

e.g. The reason for which they cancel the game can be understood.

The reason why they cancel the game can be understood.

1.1.2.7. Possessive : WHOSE

e.g. Living in a special house will be horrible.

Its walls are made of glass.

The combination is :

Living in a special house whose walls are made of glass will be horrible.

 

1.2. NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSE

RELATIVE PRONOUNS

Non-defining relative clauses are placed before nouns which are definite already. Therefore, they do not define the nouns but add some information only. Unlike defining clauses, they can be omitted without causing confusion and are separated from their nouns by commas. THAT cannot be used in this construction and object relative pronouns cant be left out.

1.2.1. Persons

1.2.1.1. subject : WHO

e.g. – Gita, who is the most cute child in my family, is trying to stand by herself.

-I need to talk to my manager, who gave a list of some recommendations.

 

1.2.1.2. object of a verb : WHO, WHOM

e.g. – My brother, whom my best friend loves, becomes a chief of International Engineer Organization.

-Everyone suspected Joe, whom they saw inside that room.

1.2.1.3. object of a preposition : WHOM

e.g. – Mr. T, with whom I have an experiment, is very intelligent.

-Dont you know her sister, to whom we gave our report ?

1.2.1.4. possessive : WHOSE

e.g. – Ditto, whose club won the Mathematics competition, has a certain project for teenagers.

-Would you like to inform Mr Andre, whose firm is the biggest in our region?

 

1.2.2. Things

1.2.2.1. subject : WHICH

e.g. – My dog, which fell from the fence yesterday, is getting better now.

-Look at this book, which has interesting cover!

1.2.2.2. object of a verb : WHICH

e.g. – These data, which we found in his shelf, are not complete.

-Tell me about your new piano, which your father gave on your birthday!

1.2.2.3. object of preposition : WHICH

e.g. – This pipe, through which the gas passes, is safe enough.

-Everyone knows Bali, in which we can enjoy some beautiful panorama.

1.2.2.4. possessive : WHOSE

e.g. – His house, whose garden is very impressing, was visited by some artists yesterday.

-We prefer this machine, whose speed is amazing.

 

  1. N O U N C L A U S E

The conjunctions that are used for connecting the main clause and the sub clause are :that and all of wh-questions such as, who, where, which, etc.

The positions of Noun Clause in a sentence are :

2.1. as subject

e.g. – That she could win the first prize in that competition makes everyone surprised.

-What I wrote contains many mistakes.

2.2. as object of a verb

e.g. – Oh … My God! I forget that I have to call him up before dinner.

-Dont you know who has just met your parents?

  • Some verbs which can be followed by that clause are:

admit, agree, be afraid, be anxious, believe, confess, declare, decide, expect, fear, feel, forget, guarantee, hear, hope, imagine, inform, insist, know, mean, promise, prove, realize, suggest, think, wish.

2.3. as object of a preposition

e.g. – Listen! The headmaster has agreed to what we planned.

-The government asks about where the money has gone.

2.4. as complement of to be

e.g. – My question is whose car is parking in front of our gate.

-The problem is that no one will be able to follow the increasing of prices.

 

  1. ADVERBIAL CLAUSES

3.1. Adverb clause of time

The conjunctions are after, as soon as , when, while, until, before, since, whenever.

e.g. – He will tell us about the result of the meeting when he arrives.

-He went to bed after he had finished his work.

-They had fixed the car before they started on their vacation.

-He wont take a rest until he gets tired.

-Her child was crying while she was talking on the phone. (simultaneous actions)

-She cut her finger while she was preparing the dinner. (interrupted action)

-I have looked at a lot of apartments since I moved here in March.

-Ill send you a cable as soon as I arrive there.

-We are ready to welcome you whenever you intend to stay here.

 

3.2. Adverb clause of reason

The conjunctions are because, as, since, for

e.g. - She doesnt like oysters because they make her sick.

-As / Since they have heard so much about him, they want to meet him now.

-They came indoors for it started to rain.

 

3.3. Adverb clause of concession

The conjunctions are although, though, even though, even if

e.g. – I couldnt get a taxi although I was in a hurry.

-Even though he always studies hard, he isnt able to understand trigonometry.

-Ill eat my dessert even if it makes me fat.

 

3.4. Adverb clause of purpose

The conjunctions are so that, in order that

e.g. – The notices are written in several languages so that foreign tourists can understand them.

-We should read much in order that we are able to catch up with the information of the new technology.

 

3.5. Adverb clause of place

The conjunctions are where, wherever

e.g. – We will find him wherever he goes.

-We have decided to have a meeting where no one can disturb us.

 

3.6. Adverb clause of condition

The conjunctions are if, unless, on condition that

e.g. - We will leave for Surabaya today if they have finished checking all of the data.

-He will get sick again unless he gets a lot of sleep = He will get sick again if he does not get a lot of sleep.

-We may have fun outdoors on condition that the rain stops.

 

3.7. Adverb clause of manner

The conjunctions are as, as if

e.g. – You should do it well as your director ordered.

-Look at those boys! They are running as if there were a dog running after them.

 

3.8. Adverb clause of comparison

The conjunctions are as … as, than

e.g. - He slept as soundly as the baby does.

-His explanation is more understandable than I listened from the television.

 

3.9. Adverb clause of result

The conjunctions are so … that, such … that, so

e.g. – This baggage is so heavy that I cant carry it by myself.

-The host welcomed us so warmly that we felt comfortable to stay there.

-It was such a huge crowd that I got lost yesterday.

-I do not feel well, so I want to go home and take a rest.

 

 

GRAMMAR

DEGREES OF COMPARISON

DEGREES of COMPARISON

ADJECTIVES

REGULAR FORM :

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
One syllable

Tall

great

 taller

greater

 tallest

greatest
Two syllables which end with, –ow, -y, -er

narrow

happy

clever

 narrower or more narrow

happier or more happy

cleverer or more clever

 narrowest or most narrow

happiest o most happy

cleverest or most clever
Other two syllables

Serious

famous

 more serious

more famous

 most serious

most famous
more than two syllables

Accurate

comfortable

 more accurate

more comfortable

 most accurate

most comfortable

IRREGULAR FORM

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
Good

Well

Bad

much/many

little

far

 Better

Better

Worse

more

less

farther / further

 Best

–

Worst

Most

Least

Farthest / furthest

1.1. THE CONSTRUCTIONS OF COMPARISONS

1.1.1. For the same degree in two persons and things, the construction is :

S + to be / linking verb + as + positive adjective + as + noun (phrase).

e.g. These machines are as genuine as those ones.

His brother is as friendly as my brother.

1.1.2. For the same degree in one person or thing, the construction is :

S + to be / linking verb + as + positive adjective + as + adj. / sentence

e.g. She is as intelligent as she is beautiful.

The questions are as long as confusing.

1.1.3. For the Comparison of a greater degree in two persons/things, the construction is :

S + to be / linking verb + comparative form + than + noun (phrase) / sentence.

e.g. She is richer than I am / me.

1.1.4. For the Comparison of a greater degree in one person / one thing, the construction is :

S + to be/ linking verb + comparative form + than + adj. / sentence

e.g. She is more smart than beautiful. (For one syllable, this form is more common than this “She is smarter than beautiful.”)

This dictionary is more important than it is expensive.

The workers are more skillful than diligent.

1.1.5. For the comparison of a less degree in two persons / things, the construction is :

S + to be / linking verb + comparative form + than + noun (phrase) / sentence

S + to be / linking verb + not so / as + positive adj. + as noun (phrase)

* less is used to show the less degree in more than one syllable

e.g. I am less interested in sport than her.

They were less enthusiastic than we expected.

This tree is not so / as old as the one near that park.

Mr. Anton is not so / as kind as Mr. Totok is.

1.1.6. to express the idea of continuing change, we use this pattern :

S + to be / linking verb + comparative and comparative

e.g. The lesson is more and more difficult.

Human being becomes cleverer and cleverer.

1.1.7. To say that two changes happen together, we use this pattern :

The comparative + S + to be, The comparative + S + to be

e.g. The more important the book is, the more expensive it is.

The more diligent you are, the better your mark will be.

1.1.8. Superlative form uses :

S + to be / linking verb + the superlative form

e.g. It is the most tiring work I have ever done.

He is the greatest artist in the world.

Andi is the best.

  1. ADVERB

The general form of adverb is :

Adjective + ly

It is used to explain a verb and an adjective.

e.g. – The President spoke angrily in his speech yesterday.

– Some students were extremely excited when the headmaster allowed them to go home earlier.

REGULAR FORM :

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
One syllable

Hard

High

early

 Harder

Higher

Earlier

 Hardest

Highest

Earliest
Two or more syllables

Quickly

perfectly

 more quickly

more perfectly

 most quickly

most perfectly

IRREGULAR FORM :

2.1. CONSTRUCTIONS WITH COMPARISONS

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
well

badly

much

little

far

 better

worse

more

less

farther / further

 best

worst

most

least

farthest / furthest

The constructions in adverb are, principally, the same as those in adjective. The difference is that adverb explains verbs, so the sentence must be the verbal one.

When the same verb is used in the same sentence, an auxiliary is needed to substitute it.

2.1.1. In the positive form, we use AS … AS with an affirmative verb and AS / SO … AS with a negative one.

e.g. He works as slowly as he walks.

He doesnt snore as/so loudly as you do.

2.1.2. with the comparative form, we use THAN :

e.g. Our headmaster always comes earlier than we do.

He run more quickly than the others did.

2.1.3. To say that two changes happen together, we use this pattern :

The Comparative + S + Verb, The Comparative + S + Verb

The Comparative+ S + Verb, The Comparative + S +/ to be + Adj.

e.g. – The earlier you start, the sooner you will be back.

– The more accurately you calculate this, the faster we make the construction.

2.1.4. to express the idea of continuing change, we use this pattern :

S + Verb + Comparative and Comparative

e.g. That man is walking more and more slowly.

Its amazing. He does it better and better.

2.1.5. Superlative form

e.g. I like swimming best. (= quite)

He wrote the least carefully.

She answered the most perfectly.

Most which is placed before an adjective or adverb and without The can mean VERY.

e.g. She behaved most / very generously.

He is most / very apologetic.

  1. IDENTICAL FORM OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS.

3.1. There are some adjectives that are formed by adding -ly to nouns which show a period of time. They are hourly, daily, weekly, fortnightly, monthly, quarterly, yearly. These are also used as adverbs.

e.g. There is an hourly service of train to Surabaya. (adj.)

The buses run hourly . (adv.)

We publish the journal in monthly periodicals. (adj.)

This journal is published monthly. (adv.)

3.2. When the suffix -ly is added to nouns such as man, king, etc. the words become adjectives. They can not be used as adverbs. They are : brotherly, cowardly, (un) earthly, fatherly, (un)friendly, heavenly, kingly, leisurely, lively, lovely, masterly, motherly, (un)scholarly, womanly.

e.g. He is the most cowardly of my friends.

The more lively the show is, the more interesting it is.

3.3. Early, fast, half, long, and straight, are used both as adjectives and adverbs.

e.g. We had an early breakfast yesterday. (adj.)

We should have breakfast earlier tomorrow. (adv)

She is afraid to go with a fast train. (adj.)

Dont speak too fast! (adv)

She needs half a dozen of the bowls. (adj.)

He didnt half mean it (= he was serious) (adv)

We have to have a long wait to get the form. (adj.)

Have you waited for me longer? (adv)

I want a straight answer of my question. (adj.)

He came straight from Germany (= the flight had no transit). (adv.)

3.4. These adjective words are used as adverbs with and without the suffix -ly.

3.4.1. CHEAP is more common with the verbs BUY and SELL :

e.g. Do you like this shirt ? I bought it really cheap.

That shopkeeper buys cheap but doesnt sell cheap.

3.4.2 CLEAN means completely or absolutely and is usually used with preposition over, through and the adverb away and out :

e.g. – Sorry, I didnt come up. I clean forgot it

– We are afraid we will be clean out of the food before we reach the nearest village.

* Compare to this adverb

CLEANLY means precisely and usually used with the verb CUT :

e.g. – The surgeon cleanly cut through the epidermis.

– This machine cleanly cuts the wood which will be used for the qualified furniture.

3.4.3. CLEAR means not touching or quite :

e.g. Keep clear of the border !

The thieves got clear away (from their pursuers)

* Compare to this adverb

CLEARLY has similar meanings to its adjective :

e.g. I can see them so clearly through it

Do you clearly understand what I mean ?

3.4.4 CLOSE means near :

e.g. Stay closer to me !

Is there a good restaurant close to the beach ?

* Compare to this adverb

CLOSELY means carefully, with great attention and near before the past participle :

e.g. Work on it closely ! Its very important.

Follow his argument closely !

They are closely related to the murder .

3.4.5 DIRECT means straight, without interrupting or intermediaries :

e.g. The plane goes direct from London to Houston.

I will communicate direct with them.

* Compare to this adverb

DIRECTLY means at once, without delay or in a short time :

e.g. He left directly after breakfast.

Be calm, Ill go directly there !

3.4.6 EASY is used only in a few phrases as follows :

e.g. Take it easy ! (= relax)

Go easy ! (= not too fast)

Easier said than done.

* Compare to this adverb

EASILY has similar meaning to its adjective :

e.g. You will easily imagine it.

He won the race easily.

3.4.7 HIGH refers to height :

e.g. He could climb the most high.

She can jump really high.

* Compare to this adverb

HIGHLY expresses an extreme degree or very much :

e.g. This dance is highly amusing.

I can highly recommend it.

3.4.8 LATE has the similar meaning to its adjective :

e.g. Hurry up, I hate arriving late.

She will come later.

* Compare to this adverb of time

LATELY means recently :

e.g. I havent been busy lately.

Have you seen Anton lately ?

3.4.9 LOUD is commonly used with the verb TALK, SPEAK, SHOUT, and LAUGH :

e.g. Dont talk so loud, you will wake the people up!

Who laughed the loudest ?

* Compare to this adverb

LOUDLY is more usual with other verbs :

e.g. He called loudly for help.

Someone knocked loudly at the door.

3.4.10 MOST means very ( in rather formal ) :

e.g. Which part of the concert did you like most ?

What pleases me most is that he will come to see me.

You are a most unusual person.

* Compare to this adverb

MOSTLY means almost all or generally :

e.g. My best friends are mostly priests.

This medicine is mostly sugar and water.

3.4.11 RIGHT means exactly, directly or all the way :

e.g. Put it right in the middle !

Go right to this winding road and then turn left !

* Compare to this adverb

RIGHTLY means correctly :

e.g. Act right (ly) !

You guessed right (ly).

3.4.12 SHARP means :

  1. punctually

e.g. The meeting will begin at seven sharp.

The ceremony was opened at five oclock sharp.

  1. suddenly

e.g. Turn sharp to the left, and you will see the building !

  1. above the true pitch ( music )

e.g. Please, sing sharp. Your voice is too prominent.

* Compare this adverb

SHARPLY means severely or harshly :

e.g. He spoke too sharply to her.

That strange man looks sharply at me. Im afraid.

3.4.13 WIDE is the normal adverb :

e.g. Open your mouth wide!

He was wide awake when the accident happened.

* Compare to this adverb

3.4.14 WIDELY means at wide interval, or over a large area and is usually used before past participle:

e.g. He has traveled widely.

The dust has been widely scattered.

GRAMMAR

NOUN and PRONOUN

NOUN AND PRONOUN

NOUN

In general, there are four kinds of noun :

  1. Common noun : e.g. dog, table, tree, man, … etc.
  2. Proper noun : e.g. Andi, Surabaya, Italy, … etc.
  3. Abstract noun : e.g. English, sadness, science, …etc.
  4. Collective noun : e.g. Crowd, group, audience, … etc.

1.1. Countable Noun

Regular plural noun forming :

1.1.1 Most nouns have -s at the end of the singular form :

e.g.

Singular plural
girl

page

table

book

 girls

pages

tables

books

1.1.2 If the singular form ends in s, x , z , ch or sh, the plural is formed by adding -es to the singular

e.g.

Singular plural
box

church

Glass

Quiz

Watch

Wish

 boxes

churches

glasses

quizzes

watches

wishes

1.1.3. The plural is formed by changing y to –ies, if the singular form ends in y preceded by a consonant.

e.g.

Singular plural
baby

country

duty

lady

 babies

countries

duties

ladies

But if y is preceded by a vowel, there is only -s ending :

e.g.

Singular plural
boy

donkey

toy

turkey

 boys

donkeys

toys

turkeys

1.1.4. The plural is added by -es, if the singular form ends in O preceded by a consonant

e.g.

Singular plural
Domino

hero

Tomato

potato

 dominoes

heroes

tomatoes

potatoes

Some exceptions (because they are not from English)

e.g.

Singular plural
piano

dynamo

kimono

photo

biro

 pianos

dynamos

kimonos

photos

biros

But if o is preceded by a vowel, the plural is added by -s :

e.g.

Singular plural
folio

radio

patio

 folios

radios

patios

1.1.5. Most words end in f are added by -s

e.g.

Singular plural
belief

chief

proof

roof

 beliefs

chiefs

proofs

roofs

Only some of them are changed into V + -es

e.g.

Singular plural
calf

half

knife

leaf

Life

loaf

self

sheaf

shelf

thief

wife

wolf

 calves

halves

knives

leaves

lives

loaves

selves

sheaves

shelves

thieves

wives

wolves

1.1.6. Compound nouns are added by -s or -es to the singular to form the plural :

e.g.

Singular plural
bookshelf

drugstore

landlady

roommate

 bookshelves

drugstores

landladies

roommates

But hyphenated compound nouns are added by -s or -es to the first word of the combination

e.g.

Singular plural
hanger-on

looker-on

maid-of honor

mother-in law

passer-by

 hangers- on

lookers-on

maids-of honor

mothers-in law

passers-by

Irregular Form

1.1.7. Vowel change

e.g.

Singular plural
child

foot

goose

man

mouse

ox

 children

feet

geese

men

mice

oxen

1.1.8. Many nouns from other languages are added by -s or -es to the singular, but here are some exceptions :

e.g.

Singular plural
alumnus

agendum

analysis

basis

crisis

criterion

datum

hypothesis

thesis

phenomenon

 alumni

agenda

analyses

bases

crises

criteria

data

hypotheses

theses

phenomena

But there are some that are optional

Singular plural
curriculum

formula

index

memorandum

stimulus

syllabus

 curriculums or curricula

formulas or formulae

indexes or indices

memorandums or memoranda

stimuli

syllabuses or syllabi

1.1.9. The plural forms which have no singular one are pants, scissors, shoes, shorts, trousers, … etc.

The verb for these Nouns is in plural too.

e.g. – Scissors are used for cutting.

- There were old trousers in the cupboard..

But if the noun is preceded by the measure of quality, the agreement of the verb depends on the number of it.

e.g. – A pair of scissors is in his bag.

Some pairs of scissors are on my table ( = some scissors are on my table)

1.1.10. Nouns that are always singular (mostly from the abstract one) are advice, baggage, furniture, information, knowledge, measles, news, rubbish, … etc.

The verb for these Nouns are always singular.

e.g. – There is some important news that you should hear right now.

- His new furniture has been sent.

1.1.11. Name of science is singular, if it refers to an area of study, such as mathematics, economics, statistics, physics, … etc.

e.g. – Mathematics is my favorite lesson.

- Statistics becomes more and more important.

But if it refers to components / parts of an activity or condition, it is plural :

e.g. – The statistics of the population growth in the world are amazing.

- My mathematics are always bad.

1.1.12. A few nouns are used both as a singular and a plural noun, like deer, sheep, fish, species, series, trout, … etc.

e.g. A : We catch only a few fish

B : Its all right. A few fish are enough for three of us.

1.2. Uncountable Noun

Uncountable Noun is always singular.

To express the quantity, use some certain words (measures of quantity) such as : cup, slice, piece, bottles, bar, … etc.

e.g. – I need some pieces of paper to type this report.

- He bought a bottle of milk.

1.3. The position of noun in noun phrase

1.3.1. As adjective :

1.3.1.1. adjunct or attributive noun :

e.g. stone chair, mail box, …etc. (* The bold word is noun but it functions as adjective)

Some of the possible meanings of the relation between the first word and the second one :

1.3.1.2. The first noun gives the place where the second comes / happens / is found / used :

e.g. a newspaper article Jakarta people

garden party a table lamp

1.3.1.3. The first noun gives the time when the second happens / is meant to be used :

e.g. a day dream morning coffee

midnight news Sunday paper

1.3.1.4. The first noun says what the second consists or is made of:

e.g. an iron bridge a puzzle magazine

cheese stick hydrogen bomb

1.3.1.5. The first noun says something about the function, job or role of the second :

e.g. a conference room the telephone bill

a steam engine holiday plans

a shoe shop a police chief

1.3.1.6. The second noun refers to an activity and the first noun is the object of the verb that describes that activity :

e.g. adult education (= the education for adult )

an animal training (= the training for animals)

1.3.1.7. The second noun refers to a part or section of the first :

e.g. the car door the river bank

violin strings the mountain slope

1.3.2 appositive noun (additional explanation) :

e.g. – Mr. Andi, a director of this company, always comes early.

-The most beautiful island in our country, Bali, is visited by many tourists from other countries every year.

1.3.3. with possessive (possessive case) :

e.g. her test, their house, Mr. Totoks wife, my dogs food ..etc.

1.4. The Position of Noun in a sentence

1.4.1. as subject :

e.g. – Rendy is the cleverest in our class.

-The difficult problem in teenagers, love, should be handled carefully.

1.4.2. as object

1.4.2.1 of a verb :

e.g. – I like dogs.

-The bank manager gave us the new information.

IO = us DO = the new information

DO = Direct Object

IO = Indirect Object

1.4.2.2. as object of preposition :

e.g. – She is talking to the teacher.

-He always thinks about his parents.

My best friend bought some novels for my sister.

DO = some novels IO= my sister

1.4.2.3. as a subject complement:

e.g. – That is our new teacher, Miss. Ernest.

-It has been our house since two years ago.

  1. P R O N O U N
Subject Object Poss. Adj. Poss. Pro. Reflexive Pronoun
I

you

we

they

He

She

it

 me

you

us

them

him

her

it

 my

your

our

their

his

her

its

 mine

yours

ours

theirs

His

Hers

–

 myself

yourself

yourselves

ourselves

themselves

himself

herself

itself

2.1 THE USE OF PRONOUN IN A SENTENCE

2.1.1 as subject :

e.g. Mr. Totok is giving a speech. He is my husband.

My sister is fond of flowers. They are blooming now.

2.1.2. as object :

e.g. Dont you remember me?

There are some poor children. We have to take care of them with love.

There are three object positions in a sentence :

2.1.2.1. S + V + DO + to + IO

The verbs are : announce, describe, explain, introduce, mention, prove, repeat, report, say, speak, suggest.

e.g. The teacher has explained the difficult unit to us.

DO = the difficult unit IO = us

Mr. Totok will introduce his wife to them.

DO = his wife IO = them

2.1.2.2. S + V + DO + for + IO

The verbs are : answer, cash, change, close, open, pronounce, prescribe.

e.g. I will answer the questions for you

DO = the questions IO = you

Shall I close the window for you?

DO = the window IO = you

2.1.2.3. S + V + IO + DO

The Verbs are : ask, cost, save, charge, and wish.

e.g. The house costs me one hundred millions.

IO = me DO = one hundred millions

He asks us some difficult questions.

IO = us DO = some difficult questions

Some verbs which can be used in two patterns ( look 2.1.2.1 and 2.1.2.3) : bring, give, lend, pass, read, send, sell , show, take, teach, tell, write.

e.g. My uncle gave me some interesting books.

IO DO

My uncle gave some interesting books to me.

DO = some interesting books IO = me

Some verbs which can be used in two patterns ( look 2 ) : buy, do, find, get, make.

e.g. - He bought me a bunch of flowers.

IO = me DO = a bunch of flowers

He bought a bunch of flowers for me.

DO = a bunch of flowers IO = me

2.1.3. as object of preposition.

Some prepositions such as : to, by, for, with, before, after, about, from, near, under, … etc.

e.g. – He said that he would go with me.

-I want to sit near him.

2.1.4. as possessive adjective :

e.g. – The professor is doing a biology experiment. His experiment will be useful for medical treatment.

-The students are trying to prove the theory by making an experiment. Their results will be sent to the festival.

2.5. as possessive pronoun:

e.g. – My answer is as perfect as hers.

-Her argument is not relevant to the topic, but his can make everyone realize what they should do.

2.6. as reflexive and emphasizing pronoun :

2.6.1. Reflexive pronoun for oneself :

e.g. – The residents of this complex build the small recreation park near their houses for themselves. (It is not open for public)

-Look ! That small bird is trying to reach the pea for itself. (Theres no other bird around)

-The man bought some fruit for himself (because he has no one in his house) or The man bought himself some fruit.

2.6.2. Reflexive pronoun to oneself :

e.g. – Dont always laugh at yourself whenever you make a mistake!

-We must look at ourselves before criticizing someone else.

2.6.3. Reflexive pronoun which shows being without accompaniment or being alone :

e.g. – I dont like to pass through the cemetery by myself.

-She is not able to walk by herself after she got an accident.

2.6.4. Emphasizing pronoun on subject :

e.g. – The headmaster will handle this problem himself or The headmaster himself will handle this problem.

-Miss. Lina wants to talk to you herself or Miss. Lina herself wants to talk to you.

2.6.5. Emphasizing pronoun on object :

e.g. – I saw those strange animals themselves.

-The spy will send the message to the Prime Minister himself.

  1. INDEFINITE PRONOUN

3.1 Everyone/everybody and everything

Everyone/everybody means all (the) people but it is followed by singular verb.

e.g. – Everyone is ready (= All the people are ready)

-Everybody knows it (= All the people know it)

Everything means all (the) things and it is followed by singular verb too.

e.g. – Everything has been run out (= All the things have …)

-Everything was in order (= All the things were …)

3.2. someone/somebody, something, anyone/anybody, anything, no one/ nobody, nothing, someone/somebody, anyone/anybody, no one/nobody can be possessive :

e.g. – This is somebodys passport.

-I need no ones help.

like everyone/everybody, they have a singular meaning and take a singular verb but the personal pronoun is formally THEY :

e.g. – Nobody cares of this problem. They have their own

-Has anyone left their luggage in the safe place?

However, with something, anything, nothing and everything, we use IT for the personal pronoun.

e.g. – Something goes wrong and we arent able to detect it.

-I dont know where everything is. It may be somewhere.

3.3 ELSE can be placed after someone/anybody/nothing … etc. and also the adverb somewhere, anywhere, everywhere and nowhere.

e.g. – Im afraid I cant help you now. Ask someone else (= some other person)

-There wont be anybody else here. (= any other person)

-You may ask to everyone else for sure. (= every other person)

-You will find no one else in my apartment. (= no other person)

-It is enough. We dont need anything else. (= any other thing)

-Dont you want to try somewhere else ? (= in/at/to some other place)

GRAMMAR

SOME EXPRESSIONS

SOME EXPRESSIONS

COMMAND

1.1. COMMAND is expressed by imperative

1.1.1. The imperative for the second person

The form is infinitive without to :

e.g. Hurry up! Be quiet!

Do it quickly! Be patient!

For the negative ( = prohibition) we put DONT before the verb. It can mean a REQUEST not to do something :

e.g. Dont touch it! Dont be shy!

Dont leave it there! Dont be late!

Prohibition can be indicated by means of brief announcements, with not allowed, prohibited or gerund (V1-ing):

e.g. No smoking inside!

Swimming prohibited here!

Sandals not allowed in this office!

The person who is addressed is very often not mentioned, but it can appear at the end of the phrase.

e.g. Eat your dinner, Andi!

Come and join us, everybody!

DO can be placed before the affirmative imperative to show the irritation or persuasion :

e.g. Do be calm! It wont help if you are panic.

Do forget it! Im sick to hear it.

The use of PLEASE or WILL YOU softens a command into a REQUEST and the addition of WONT YOU changes an imperative into an INVITATION:

e.g. Close your books, please! or Please, close your book!

Hold it tightly, will you?

Have a share in this car, wont you? We still have enough space for both of you.

1.1.2. The imperative for the first person.

The form : LETS + infinitive without to.

This form can be replaced by SHALL WE as SUGGESTION. (see MODAL)

e.g. Lets wait for them! or Shall we wait for them?

Lets finish it now! or Shall we finish it now?

Lets wait for them, shall we?

Lets finish it now, shall we?

For the negative imperative, we put NOT before the verb :

e.g. Lets not repeat it! Lets not show it!

 

1.1.3. The imperative for the third person

The form : LET HER / HIM / THEM / IT + infinitive without to

e.g. Let them go by taxi = They had better go by train (* more usual in modern English) in negative becomes They had better not go by train.

1.2 Other ways of expressing COMMANDS.

Commands are often expressed as obligation by MUST. (see MODAL)

2. REQUEST

Mostly we use MODAL in expressing request, but here are some additions.

2.1. formal request found in letters :

e.g. I should be grateful if you would tell me whether you have any vacancies.

Would you be kind / good enough to keep me informed about the vacancies?

Would you be so kind as to keep me informed about the vacancies?

2.2. with LET + noun or pronoun

e.g. Let us know if you need our help.

Let me try it again.

Dont let your dog enter my garden.

2.3. WONT YOU can mean invitation

e.g. Wont you stay a little longer?

Wont you see my last creation?

 

3. ADVICE

3.1. OUGHT TO, and SHOULD (see MODAL)

3.2. YOU HAD BETTER + Infinitive without to

e.g. You had better take off your shoes

Youd better not follow this instruction

3.3. IF I WERE YOU I SHOULD / WOULD ….

e.g. If I were you, I would take this chance

If I were you, Id not risk my position

3.4. WHY DONT YOU …

e.g. Why dont you take a computer course?

Why dont you stay and wait for a moment?

 

4. EXCLAMATION

e.g. How nice (it is) to sit here with you!

How much wiser (it would have been) to reduce the speed.

What a pity (it is) to waste them!

What a pleasant surprise!

* it + be can be omitted

 

5. OTHER EXPRESSIONS

5.1 INTRODUCING ONESELF

formal : Allow me to introduce myself. My name is …

Let me introduce myself. Im …

Im … How do you do?

response : Nice to meet you. My name is …

Im … . How do you do?

informal : Hi. My name is … . Whats yours?

Im … . How are you?

response : My name is …

Im … . Fine, thanks.

 

e.g. Mr. Bane : Let me introduce myself. My name is Bane.

Mr. Chan : Im Chan. Nice to meet you.

 

5.2 INTRODUCING OTHERS

formal : Id like to introduce my (the) …., …..( a name)

Let me introduce my …, … ( a name)

response : How do you do ?

informal : This is my …, … (a name)

response : Hi. Im … . Pleased to meet you.

Hello, Im … . Nice to meet you.

 

e.g. Ali : Id like to introduce my new manager, Mr. Soma.

Mr. Alwi : How do you do?

 

5.3 Expressing GRATITUDE

Thank you so / very much. Thats very kind of you.

Thanks for …

I want to tell you how grateful I am …

Im extremely grateful to you for …

Im grateful for …

 

RESPONSE : Youre welcome

Thats all right

Its a pleasure

Not at all

Its nothing

 

e.g. Mr. Andi : My daughter has been successful. Im extremely grateful for your guiding her patiently.

Mrs. Ani : Not at all. Im glad to help her. She is a smart girl.

 

5.4 Expressing A RESPOND TO GOOD NEWS

Oh… really?

How nice / wonderful / exciting (it is)!

Im pleased / glad to her that!

Nice to hear that!

 

e.g. Ronni : Im invited to Mr. Joes concert. I have been looking forward to this moment since I met him last year.

Ita : How wonderful! I hope you can enjoy your time.

 

5.5 Expressing SYMPATHY

I m sorry to hear that!

Thats too bad!

How awful / terrible!

 

e.g. Mr. Fun : I lost my son in this beach two years ago.

Mr. Ian : Im sorry to hear that. That must have been very hard for you.

5.6 ASKING AND GIVING OPINION

asking an opinion : giving an opinion :

What do you think of … In my opinion …

How about … I think that …

It seems to me that …

According to my opinion, …

 

e.g. Oscar : What do you think about the seminar which I held last week?

Lea : I think that it was successful enough. However, you must pay attention on the time. Some guests felt bored.

 

5.7 Expressing LIKE and DISLIKE

The verbs expressing like are adore, love, be crazy about, be mad about, like, be fond of, be keen of ( * These verbs are followed by noun or verb1-ing)

e.g. I love gardening much.

She is fond of talking about plants.

The verbs expressing dislike are dislike, hate, cant stand, cant bear ( * These verbs are followed by noun or verb1-ing).

e.g. They dislike practicing under the sunshine.

I cant stand his bad behavior.

5.8 Expressing APOLOGY

Im terribly / extremely sorry for …

Im sorry for …

I apologize for …

 

e.g. Rins : Im sorry for the trouble that I made yesterday.

Arl : Its all right.

5.9 Expressing AGREEMENT and DISAGREEMENT

agreement disagreement

I agree I disagree

I think so I dont think so

Certainly Thats not right

Im sorry, but you are wrong.

 

e.g. Shinta : I think that the people here dont have any knowledge about farming.

Arin : I dont think so. Look ! The plants are growing fertilely.

 

Clark : The film doesnt have any interest at all.

Fenn : I think so.

 

5.10 expressing

SATISFACTION

Im satisfied

It satisfies me much

It gives me much satisfaction

Its really satisfying

 

DISAPPOINTMENT

Im really disappointed

It disappoints me much

It doesnt give any satisfaction at all

It is disappointing

 

e.g. Jay : How about your trip ?

Lita : It satisfies much. I plan to visit those places again next year.

 

Irene : What do you think about the service in that restaurant ?

Fandy : It doesnt give any satisfaction at all. The waitress arent kind and the food is terrible.

 

 

 
GRAMMAR