WORD FORMING

I.            THE FORMING OF NOUN :

 1.1  by the adjective  +   -ness

ADJECTIVE	NOUN	ADJECTIVE	NOUN
bitter bright clean conscious dark eager forgetful good great	bitterness brightness cleanliness consciousness darkness eagerness forgetfulness goodness greatness	happy kind lonely ready sick sudden thick thin uneasy	happiness kindness loneliness readiness sickness suddenness thickness thinness uneasiness

1.2  by adjective ended in -ent  +  -ence                  

ADJECTIVE	NOUN	ADJECTIVE	NOUN
Absent Confident Consequent Competent dependent	Absence Confidence Consequence Competence dependence	Evident Impatient Innocent Different obedient	Evidence Impatience innocence difference obedience

  

1.3  by adjective  ended in  -ant  +  -ance   

ADJECTIVE	NOUN	ADJECTIVE	NOUN
Brilliant Elegant relevant	Brilliance Elegance relevance	Distant Important significant	Distance Importance significance

 1.4  by the verb  +   -ance / -ence 

VERB	NOUN	VERB	NOUN
Accept Allow Attend Disturb ignore maintain repent exist confide differ prefer	Acceptance Allowance Attendance disturbance ignorance maintenance repentance existence confidence difference preference	Accord Annoy Avoid guide inherit perform resemble excel coincide depend refer	Accordance Annoyance Avoidance guidance inheritance performance resemblance excellence coincidence dependence reference

  

1.5    by the verb  +  -ion / -ation / -sion / -tion 

VERB	NOUN	VERB	NOUN
Act add connect destroy discuss examine inform	Action addition connection destruction discussion examination information	Abbreviate communicate co-operate describe divide educate introduce	Abbreviation communication co-operation description division education introduction

 

  1.6     by the verb  +  -ment  

VERB	NOUN	VERB	NOUN
arrange encourage govern manage punish move	arrangement encouragement government management punishment movement	develop enforce improve measure pay state	development enforcement improvement measurement payment statement

 

   1.7     by verb +  -or

VERB	NOUN	VERB	NOUN
act conquer direct illustrate operate	actor conqueror director illustrator operator	collect detect distribute instruct translate	collector detector distributor instructor translator

 

 1.8 by another noun  +  mis-

NOUN	NOUN	NOUN	NOUN
chance rule fortune print	mischance misrule misfortune misprint	management use application rule	mismanagement misuse misapplication misrule

 

1.9. by another noun   +   dis  –

NOUN	NOUN	NOUN	NOUN
agreement honor order respect	disagreement dishonor disorder disrespect	honesty obedience pleasure trust	dishonesty disobedience displeasure distrust

 

1.10  by  another noun  +  – an  ;  -ian ;  – ician 

NOUN	NOUN	NOUN	NOUN
America Canada Jamaica music statistics history	American Canadian Jamaican musician statistician historian	Australia Dominica Mexico magic politics electricity	Australian Dominican Mexican magician politician electrician

  

1.11  by another  noun  +   – ship

 ( STATE, CONDITION, QUALITY, NUMBER )

NOUN	NOUN	NOUN	NOUN
Acquaintance leader horseman seaman	acquaintanceship leadership horsemanship seamanship	Citizen friend member marksman salesman	Citizenship friendship membership marksmanship salesmanship

 

2. The forming of ADJECTIVE  :

 2.1.   by noun  +   -ful  

NOUN	ADJECTIVE	NOUN	ADJECTIVE
beauty doubt hope peace respect use fear faith	beautiful doubtful hopeful peaceful respectful useful fearful faithful	care help meaning power skill cheer mercy pain	careful helpful meaningful powerful skillful cheerful merciful painful

 

 2.2.  by  noun  + -less  

NOUN	ADJECTIVE	NOUN	ADJECTIVE
care fear help meaning pain	careless fearless helpless meaningless painless	cheer faith hope mercy power	cheerless faithless hopeless merciless powerless

 

  2.3.  by noun   +  -y 

NOUN	ADJECTIVE	NOUN	ADJECTIVE
chill fun hill rain salt stone sun	chilly funny hilly rainy salty stony sunny	cloud grass mud rust sand storm wind	cloudy grassy muddy rusty sandy stormy windy

  

2.4.  by  noun  +  -ly 

NOUN	ADJECTIVE	NOUN	ADJECTIVE
cowardfriend miser day state	cowardlyfriendly miserly daily stately	fatherlove order earth world	fatherlylovely orderly earthly worldly

  

2.5    by noun  + -ical 

NOUN	ADJECTIVE	NOUN	ADJECTIVE
botany critic grammar identity music nonsense	botanical critical grammatical identical musical nonsensical	classic economy history logic politics tropic	classical economical historical logical political tropical

  

2.6.  by  verb +  -ful 

VERB	ADJECTIVE	VERB	ADJECTIVE
boast forget mourn resent sin	boastful forgetful mournful resentful sinful	dread hate play shame watch	dreadful hateful playful shameful watchful

  

2.7.    by verb  +   -able 

VERB	ADJECTIVE	VERB	ADJECTIVE
accept depend enjoy read understand	acceptable dependable enjoyable readable understandable	compare drink honor respect wash	comparable drinkable honorable respectable washable

 

 2.8.  by another adjective  +  il- ; im- ; in- ; ir-

       ( Mean the contrary of the original one) 

ADJECTIVE	ADJECTIVE	ADJECTIVE	ADJECTIVE
legal logical moral perfect probable competent efficient responsible	illegal illogical immoral imperfect improbable incompetent inefficient irresponsible	literate mature patient possible capable dependent expensive regular	illiterate immature impatient impossible incapable independent inexpensive irregular

  

2 . 9.      by another adjective   +    dis- 

ADJECTIVE	ADJECTIVE	ADJECTIVE	ADJECTIVE
agreeable loyal pleasing honorable	disagreeable disloyal displeasing dishonorable	honest order respectful	dishonest disorder disrespectful

 

 2 . 10.   by another adjective   +  over-  

ADJECTIVE	ADJECTIVE	ADJECTIVE	ADJECTIVE
active critical anxious ripe excited	overactive overcritical overanxious overripe overexcited	abundant confident generous serious	overabundant overconfident overgenerous over serious

 

 III.  The Forming of Verb :

 1. by another verb + Un-   (the meaning is contrary to the original one) 

VERB	VERB	VERB	VERB
burden dress fold lock roll	unburden undress unfold unlock unroll	button fasten load pack wrap	unbutton unfasten unload unpack unwrap

  

3. 2. by another verb +  re-

VERB	VERB	VERB	VERB
call group make organize play	recall regroup remake reorganize replay	fuel insure name think print	refuel reinsure rename rethink reprint

 

3. 3. by another verb    +  mis- 
   

VERB	VERB	VERB	VERB
calculate lead pronounce carry date	miscalculate mislead mispronounce miscarry misdate	inform trust understand spell count	misinform mistrust misunderstand misspell miscount

  

3.4.       by another verb  +  dis- 

VERB	VERB	VERB	VERB
arm continue obey please connect	disarm discontinue disobey displease disconnect	close like organize trust prove	disclose dislike disorganize distrust disprove

  

3. 5. by another verb  + over- 
   

VERB	VERB	VERB	VERB
burden cook do heat stay	overburden overcook overdo overheat overstay	charge dress eat produce sleep	overcharge overdress overeat overproduce oversleep

 

 3.6.      by  adjective  +   -en  

ADJECTIVE	VERB	ADJECTIVE	VERB
bright flat less sad short thick wide	brighten flatten lessen sadden shorten thicken widen	dark hard red sharp sick weak deep	darken harden redden sharpen sicken weaken deepen

 

 SOME FORMATIONS WITH UP-  and  DOWN- 

downfall     [n] downright   [adj.] downtown  [adv.] downpour   [c.n.] downhill     [adv.] downhearted [adj.] downstairs  [adv.]

uproar   [un] upcountry [adj./adv.] upstairs  [adj./adv] uplift  [v] upbringing  [un] upstart  [cn] uphill  [adj./adv]

uptown   [adj./adv] uproot  [v] upkeep  [un ] upland  [n] upright  [adj./adv] uphold [v]

SOME FORMATIONS WITH   OUT-  

outbreak  [cn] outflow  [cn] outline [cn] outgrow  [v] outdoor  [adj.] out-of-door [adj.] outstanding [adj.]

outcome  [cn] outlaw   [n] outlook  [cn[ outlive [v] outgoing   [adj.] out-of-the law  [adj.] outdoors  [adv.]

outcry  [cn] outlet  [n] outdistance  [v] outweigh  [v] outlying [adj.] outspoken  [adj.]

 

 

GRAMMAR 

CHAPTER FIVE

Task One

Comparative and Superlative

Correct the sentences below!

1. The more illiterate the people are, the more easy they are influenced by the hoaxes.
2. This year weather is the worse in the last ten years.
3. The individual terrorists are the dangerous than the communal ones.
4. What the leader says isn’t true as what the fact is.
5. The effect of the raising temperature affects the plant at most.
6. As the furniture is made of the most fine wood, it can last more than 10 years.
7. The most regularly we do exercises, the most healthy we will be.
8. He does his job more and more reluctant because the situation in his office isn’t conducive.
9. The actor who learns how to act through a theater acts naturally than anyone who never learn to act.
10. Seeing the one we love in grief is the most painful than feeling sad of ourselves.
11. Be careful to that kind of snake for it is more poisonous of all.
12. Mr. Ire punishes his students as properly than Mr. Ear, so the students accept it.
13. This is the more astonishing creation that I ever know.
14. Some people choose the information to be spread out to their friends carefully than others do.
15. The nearer gas station is about one kilometer from this place.

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Task Two

Active and Passive sentences

State whether the sentences below are correct or incorrect!

1. All of his thoughts are often written on his blog or journals.
2. The pirates’ treasure has hidden in such a long time that no one believes its existence.
3. His series of adventures were recorded and mad into a wonderful story.
4. They touched by their children’s honesty toward their love to their parents.
5. You should chosen a good companion in your journey of life.
6. Everyone has to gained as much knowledge as possible for leading them to the better life.
7. The creative young entrepreneurs are going to awarded for their continuous innovation.
8. It is useful for all of the students to have an outing class to know more about their surroundings.
9. It found out that no one understands the command written on their guiding book.
10. We fear that we will threatened again for we still don’t agree to the leader’s policy.
11. Don’t worry! Your house will guarded 24 hours by some policemen.
12. No secret will reveal if everyone keeps their words.
13. The woman was chosen to win as she sang with her heart.
14. Indonesian have trusted the government’s commitment to never leave their people in trouble.
15. The people expected to be watchful to the strangers entering their area.

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Task Three

Perfect tenses versus Past tenses

Correct the sentences below!

1. The travelers were enjoying the scenery from the top of the mountain for almost three hours when the rain fell hard.
2. The promotion of some employees has been discussed this morning.
3. We were here almost for an hour. We feel bored.
4. The park has been full of people when a bomb exploded.
5. The judge decided already to send him to the jail when there was another proof saying that he was innocent.
6. Doing chores had been the wives’ solely duty but husbands willingly help them now.
7. People have had a wrong concept on raising children in the past.
8. Intelligence quotient had been believed to bring success in the future years ago.
9. Some coffee bars developed the coffee machine to extract the fruits since last year.
10. He confessed his wrong doing before we asked him about it.
11. Some families recycled their sewage since they knew that it would become the water pollutant.
12.  Indonesian chefs promoted Indonesian traditional food to other countries since five years ago.
13. We had been evaluating the project while the director was checking the infrastructure.
14. More surprisingly, they hadn’t been the professionals on the case that was judged in the court yesterday.
15. I have been fined by the police last month.

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Task Four

Using the past with present : I understand why he was pretty angry to us

Choose the correct sentences!

1. He explained the plants are coniferous.
2. He said that he was quite angry to you.
3. The boss called me because I am often late.
4. She has known that you were with another girl last night.
5. He becomes sick because he eats too much chilly food.
6. The students often say that they didn’t prepare the lesson the day before.
7. Although he left earlier, he still misses the train.
8. He planned that she will hold a meeting for the reptile lovers.
9. She asks me why I don’t call her last night.
10. The students are still disappointed to what the teacher decided this morning.
11. The naturalist told that nature provides the creatures’s needs.
12. Since the company was about to collapse, the manager is looking for another company to merge this one.
13. The activities which were held last semester are successful.
14. Where she took pictures isn’t a problem for us.
15. We are familiar with the books which are written in the twentieth century.

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Task Five

Singular and plural Nouns (+ the irregular ones)

Correct the sentences!

1. The most twenty wonderful church in the world are mostly in Europe.
2. Her wishes is only having a loyal husband.
3. A lot of leave were falling down when the wind blew so hard.
4. I have never visited another country.
5. The manager has signed some memorandum which deal to his business.
6. That data is taken from this magazine.
7. I need to talk to the woman who want to be the volunteers for this charity.
8. The criteria which is written in the brochure suit to your quality.
9. Where are the child going?
10. My left shoes is gone.
11. I hate entering this basement due to a lot of mouse.
12. Please, all of you take care of yourself!
13. Indonesian hero fought bravely for our independence.
14. Big match always attract many spectator.
15. A strange natural phenomena often occurs during the dry season.

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Task Six

Countable and uncountable Nouns

Choose the correct sentences!

1. Our happiness influence others’
2. We need a lot of coastal sand for this big aquarium.
3. A few chemical solution is needed to clean these spots.
4. Your glass are suitable to your face.
5. We need two glasses of water to soften the dough.
6. Don’t put too many salt to the soup!
7. We don’t have to bring a lot of baggage.
8. Do you have plenty of paper for printing this long report?
9. The clothes looks elegant on you.
10. The model for shampoo must have beautiful hair.
11. There are some chances for the job seekers to show their competence.
12. Too little words in advertisement may confuse the readers as the information is not enough.
13. The less education people have, the less opportunities they have to get a good job.
14. Shall we ask some advices to the teacher about our stand?
15. Many fake information is found in the internet or social media.

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Task Seven

Pronouns

Correct the pronouns!

1. The educators told he didn’t want to force the students to do what he wanted.
2. There will be some information about the competitions. The students are eager to follow it.
3. The houses in this complex are designed by a young architect. Its model is unique.
4. Discipline and consistency are being trained to the young people. Young people must have it to survive.
5. The famines in the countries with the prolonged political conflicts can never be solved due to its government’s disability to stop the conflicts.
6. Annie and Paul agreed to sell their only furniture although they still love them.
7. Paul’s typescripts were on his table last night but this morning he lost it.
8. Some famous authors agree that “Monalisa” can inspire his new novel on art because he has a unique background.
9. A few animal species have almost been extinct. Its number is less than 200 in the world. Therefore, the government must conserve it.
10. Every item in this mall is qualified, but its price is competitive enough.
11. Before the data are revised, we must have it complete.
12. The beads which you will use to make a necklace are like the real pearls. It is gleaming.
13. The beauty of this beach is due to their white and soft sand. Visitors like lying on them the whole day.
14. The formulae that you told need revising because we cannot prove it right.
15. The texts are written in English, so it will be good for the students to practice his English.

Back to Exercises for TOEFL preparation

CHAPTER FOUR

SOME AGREEMENTS and PARALLELISM

Task One

Agreement after prepositional phrase

e.g.  The food for the guests has already been ready.

State whether each sentence is correct (C) or incorrect (I)!

1. Some oranges on the table are for us.
2. The President, with his family, has left Jakarta already.
3. The coral reefs along the beach of this island is catching our eyes.
4. A lot of plastic bottles in this room is going to be used for the wall accessories.
5. Potato chips in this small pouch tastes so chilly that I don’t even want to try it again.
6. The water in some wells in this village are poisoned with the chemical substances from two factories.
7. The pictures in your gallery on the right wall has been sold out.
8. The visitors at the extreme tourist destinations like mountains have to take care of themselves and pay attention on the rules for their own protection.
9. My suitcases on the baggage trolly looks so similar to the others that I become confused.
10. My opinions in the last meeting was accepted.
11. The dews on these leaves is glittering because of the sunshine.
12. The agreement to these plans have been sosialized to all of the members.
13. Happiness and sadness in our heart comes in turn as long as we live.
14. The two new violists in this big orchestra aren’t able to harmonize their playing to the whole musicians’
15. Some water from those five rivers are proven to be contaminated by the sewage.

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Task Two

Agreement after expressions of quantity : all, most,  some,  half,  part

When an expression of quantity using “of” is the subject, the verb agrees to the object of the preposition.

e.g. Most of the money is for the charity

Most of the books for this school are printed here.

State whether each sentence is correct (C) or incorrect (I)!

1. Some water is enough to satisfy my thirst.
2. Some of my book collections was given by my senior high school teacher.
3. All kinds of the biscuits in this bakery shop tastes delicious.
4. Part of my tme are usually for reading and writing.
5. Hal of the audience has a great interest in participating the games.
6. Most of the chances to work in this big multi-company offers a sertificate at the end of the internship.
7. Most of the furniture here is made of the finest wood.
8. All of the leader’s decisions comes from the result of our talks.
9. A lot of money have been spent for building infrastructures.
10. Part of our life stays in our family’s heart.
11. Half of our class are having an outdoor activity right now.
12. Most of his advice deal with the factual life.
13. Most of the words in this novels aren’t the common ones.
14. Half of his story weren’t true.
15. Some of the animal species have been extinct.

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Task Three

Agreement after certain words : some body, any body, every body, every one, some one, no one, every thing, something, anything, nothing, each / every + Noun

These words take singular verbs.

Correct the sentences below!

1. Every one have to follow the rules of the games.
2. Noone want to stay as it begins to rain.
3. Some body taking the statue protected by the X-ray have a high skill in putting of the ray.
4. Nothing influence my decision to resign from this work.
5. Every thing were available in this small town until the tsunamy wiped out everything wildly.
6. Each of the performers are requested to prepare one more attraction in the next session.
7. As something hinder our effort to finish this project, we are trying another way to continue it.
8. No body care for that crying child.
9. Every picture in this gallery have different characteristics.
10. Some one have called me twice, telling about my child’s accident.
11. Each handycraft is able to to reach more that ten milions in this auction.
12. Every body have got the job description, so they won’t be confused what to do.
13. Every statement uttered by the president or authorities are recorded.
14. Nothing were found in that room, so we left it open.
15. Noone understand what you commanded.
16. Psst! There are something inside your cabinet.
17. Every one are being interviewed due to the sadistic murder of a family.
18. Each of the figurines in this museum have exactly the same face as the original person they represent.
19. Every driver are asked to show their driving license when passing through this road.
20. Every leader have ever been run down for their policy.

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Task Four

Agreement with inverted verbs

Choose the correct sentence!

1. In the wardrobe was the two clothes you may need for the show tonight.
2. The finalists haven’t got the voucher to take English course for three meetings and neither has the semifinalists.
3. Never has the teachers given a chance to rebut what they explain.
4. Which part of our body isn’t functional?
5. Barely does the doctors in Indonesia are willing to tell the detail of the patient’s sickness.
6. Where was all of the journalists planning to interview the President?
7. Neither of the programs does touch the main need of those poor children.
8. Whatever you will do is much better than was what you did in the past.
9. At this high land is the activities of the movie shooting.
10. Why are parents directed to see each of the classroom?
11. Barely do a traveler find a shelter at the edge of the forest?
12. Which milk chocolate candies does the children mostly choose to buy?
13. There is coming the couple of the rhinoceros we have been waiting for!
14. By the table lamp on the secretary’s table is your keys. You put them there.
15. What is those teenagers selling? It’s so crowded.

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Task Five

Parallel with coordinators

Correct the sentences below!

1. The lady was about to give the money to the man and leaving when another man shot him.
2. The beast may have two choices: telling his true feelings toward her or to let her leave him forever.
3. Mr. Langdon knew that stealing was not the way, yet he steals the statue last night.
4. The disguised doctor is intelligent and bravery.
5. What the leader says or his decision won’t stop us. We will continue our plan.
6. This laptop is beauty, yet powerful.
7. He realized his mistake but not asking for apology.
8. I remember travelling there and enjoyed the whole day together with them.
9. I guess that she will fire those disobedient employees or she gave one more chance.
10. To recycle the waste or reusing it is one of the actions to save the world.
11. The alternatives are whether going through the forest or use canoes to reach that place.
12. He never agrees to what we do, but listening to what we say.
13. Pirates, buccaneers or crimes threaten the society.
14. This chip looks so tiny, yet importance.
15. I don’t like the construction and the designer of this building.
16. The distant and the time may separate persons, but the heart won’t.
17. Where you celebrate your graduation or the time when you will hold it doesn’t matter for us.
18. Responsible, integrity, and honest must be taught to the children.
19. The chief lets us investigate or searching for other proofs.
20. Everyone left the hall disappointed and angrily.

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Task Six

Parallel with correlative conjunctions (e.g. either…or;  both…and;  not only … but also;  neither … nor)

Correct the sentences below!

1. Both fruity and vegetables are good to prevent the cancer.
2. Neither politics nor authorities in Indonesia understand what the democracy is.
3. Not only satisfaction but also comfortable are offered in this tourist destination.
4. Either the history or the librarian must read a lot for their references.
5. The players have to not only know the rules but also obeying them strictly.
6. The guide neither recommended the menu nor direct us to go to that restaurant.
7. The elephants are both checked regularly and immunize once in a semester.
8. The police haven’t either investigate the case or even search for the master mind.
9. The participants feel not only exciting but also enthusiastic to join the workshop.
10. The souvenirs in this shop are both variety and unique.
11. What the members of parliament is neither productive nor effectiveness.
12. The weather today isn’t cloudy or wind.
13. The second speaker explained both interestingly and communicative.
14. The two policies will be implemented not only separately and simultaneously.
15. The netizens don’t care for either what the haters say or their way to attract people to agree to them.

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Task Seven

Parallel with comparison

Choose the correct sentence!

1. The justice in Indonesia walks more slowly than Malaysia.
2. My friend has more tactics and skills to win the game than I do.
3. Indonesia is as rich as it is beautiful.
4. Our president now works harder than in the past.
5. The politicians’ statement is less appreciable than the president.
6. That lady speaks as arrogantly as boastfully.
7. Travelling on a train is safer and faster than that by car in this holiday season.
8. She knows more about my husband than I am.
9. This encyclopedia is more useful than the price.
10. He spends his time more in the cafe than for working.
11. This jewelry isn’t so fine as the one I bought.
12. Don’t you feel fresher here than inside the office?
13. She speaks as fast as the work.
14. What you suggest looks more brilliant than me.
15. Her ideas are more futuristic than ours.

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Review

Choose the correct answer!

1. 1. The lyrics of the songs she is singing _____ as touching as the rhythm.

   (A. are;   B. is;   C. be;  D. be)

   2. Whose paper ______ the lecture choose for the next project? (A. is;   B.  will;  C. do;   D. have)
   3. The audience were amazed by ____ the performance but also the stage decoration.

   (A. both;   B. Either;    C.  neither;   D. not only)

   4. Each house built in this area _____ a special design due to the structure of the land.

   (A. have;   B. having;   C. has;  D. is having)

   5. In Indonesia _____the forests functioning as the world lungs. (A. are;  B; is   C; will   D;  have)
   6. Everyone in this forum is chosen to be the representative for their country. (A. be;   B. has;   C. is;   D. are)
   7. The director with his staff _____agreed to expand their business to another island. (A. have;    B. does;  C. is;  D. has)
   8. Where the river flows and how it erodes the soil _____the objects of the high school students’ observation. (A. are;   B. is;   C. have;   D. can)
   9. The guests felt neither pleasing _____ interested to what the host served. (A. and;    B. or;       C. nor;   D. but also)
   10. Barely_____ checked for maintenance.    (A. have the skyscrapers in Indonesia been;    B. the skyscrapers in Indonesia been;    C. the skyscrapers in Indonesia have been;   D. the skyscrapers in Indonesia have)
   11. Most of the days are filled by learning the people’s characteristics and ____.

   (A. customize;   B. custom;   C. customers;    D. customizing)

   12. People use so many applications in their gadget to ease their job and_____ business transaction improved.      (A. to have;    B. having;    C. have;   D.  has)
   13. Neither of educating _____ bad result to the children’s future.             (A. causing;   B. cause;   C. causes;   D. caused)
   14. Someone was walking into the building with a gun, _____no one paid attention on him.

   (A. yet;   B. and;   C. so;    D. or)

   15. Some teenagers are able to create job fields for others by both their _____.

   (A.  skill and intelligent;    B. skill and intelligence;   C. skillful and intelligence;    D. skillfull and intelligent)

   16. Teenagers’ life _____ been destroyed due to the drug consuming. (A. has;   B. have;   C. will have;   D. will)
   17. The previous headmaster could describe his students more clearly than the present one _____.

   (A.  do;    B. did;   C. could;   D. can)

   18. _____ what they found in some contaminated wells in the laboratory.      (A. at no time do the observers test;     B. do the observers at no time test;   at no time the observers do test;    the observers at no time do test)
   19. This painting isn’t _____the original one.     (A.  similar as;   B.  so similar as;   C. similar than;   D. less similar than)
   20. The English Prime minister seems to either learn now to keep the diversity or ____ out the reason of the harmony in Indonesia.  (A.  finding;    B. find;   C. to find;   found)

Back to Exercises for TOEFL preparation

CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS

1. BOTH ; BOTH…….AND…….

 Both  (means having the number of two ) can be used in two ways :

In the noun group

e.g.     – Both (of) my students have been chosen for the contest.

(note:  it can be followed by definite article + noun,  possessive + noun,  or demonstrative + noun. of is optional)

– Both dictionaries are very useful for your learning.

( note:  of can’t be used if there is no article, possessive or demonstrative )

– This parcel is given to both of us / to us both.

(note : object pronoun only )

in the verb group

e.g.     – They are both identical.

– The two surgeons both did the operation well.

– You have both finished your duty.

– The workers will both have painted the rooms by next week.

BOTH can be used as pronoun

e.g.     – These clothes look nice and fit to you. Do you want to take both?

( * both refers to the clothes)

– I am really impressed to their performances. Both are amazing.

( * both refers to the performances )

 

BOTH … AND ….. is used to express a combination of two things :

e.g.  – She has both the intelligence and the beauty.

( note:  the combination of nouns)

         –   Your decision is both impressing and surprising.

( note:  the combination of adjectives )

– She both manages the administration and looks after the orphans.

( note: the combination of verb phrases )

 

2. NOT ONLY ….. BUT ALSO …….

It can be used with both noun phrases and verb phrases.

e.g. – The police will not only interrogate the criminal but also look for other evidences.

– You should show not only your intelligence but also your good ethic.

 

3. EITHER ; EITHER ….. OR  ; AND ….. EITHER

Either is a determiner when it is used with noun. Only singular noun and verb can follow it.  It means one or the other.

e.g. – Either kind of training is suitable to encourage him.

– Either chapter is readable enough for you because they have been revised.

As pronoun Either can be used alone or with of  +  plural noun phrase, but still has to be followed by singular verb.

e.g. – Has either of  your children visited you?

– A :  Would you like to use this or that one?

B  : I don’t mind either.

Either ….. or can be used to express two ( sometimes more) alternatives or possibilities.

e.g. – The visitors can either see the sophisticated airplanes or become the passengers of it.

– Either first, second or third chapter is difficult to understand.

Two negative sentences that are identical except for their subjects can be joined by using and …. either .  Pay attention to the construction of using it.

e.g. – The developer doesn’t want any loss.

The consumer doesn’t want any loss.

The combination of the two sentences is The developer doesn’t want any loss, and the consumer doesn’t either.

       

      – He isn’t at his office.

His two assistants aren’t at his office.

The combination is  He isn’t at his office, and his two assistants aren’t either

 

4. NEITHER ; NEITHER ….. NOR …… ; AND NEITHER

The way of using Neither is the same as of  Either, but the meaning is different. Neither has negative one.

e.g. –    Neither applicant is suitable to this job

–                Neither of  those animals gets the proper care here. They will die soon.

–                I have seen neither of them lately

–                Receiving telephones, typing letters, filling documents are secretary’s job. Neither will be my preference in finding a job.

Neither ….. nor ….. is used to join two negative ideas.( The opposite of  both …. and )

e.g.      –                Neither mathematics nor physics is easy

–                The rich neither cares for the prosperity of  the community in this slum area nor tries to pay a visit to see how they try to survive..

Another way to join two negative sentences that are identical except for their subjects is “and neither” construction.

e.g. – The technology in agriculture hasn’t been developed.

The technology in transportation hasn’t been developed.

The combination of those two sentences is The technology in agriculture hasn’t been developed, and neither has the technology of transportation

 

–  The first group couldn’t do it well.

The second one couldn’t do it well.

The combination is The first group couldn’t do it well, and neither could the second one.

 

5. AND ….. TOO

It is used to join two identical affirmative sentences except for their subjects.

e.g. – They will have come back before night.

Your son will have come back before night.

The combination of those two sentences is They will have come back before night, and your son will too.

 

– He always comes on time.

His staff always comes on time.

The combination is He always comes on time, and his staff  always do too.

 

6. AND SO ……..

Another way of joining the two identical affirmative sentences except for their subjects is “and so …..”

e.g. – I used to see the film twice a week.

My brother used to see the film twice a week.

The combination of those sentences is I used to see the film twice a week, and so did my brother.

 

– The people in city can enjoy entertainment served by many television stations.

The villagers can enjoy entertainment served by many television stations.

The combination is  The people in city can enjoy entertainment served by many television stations, and so can the villagers.

 

GRAMMAR 

 

Chapter 3_Future tenses

ENGLISH LITERATURE X

PARTICIPLES

 

1. PRESENT  /  ACTIVE PARTICIPLE

FORM : VERB 1  +  -ING

USED :

1.1 as adjective

in noun phrase (as noun modifier):

e.g.     –  running men (= men who are running )

–  floating plants (= plants which are floating)

–  singing bird (= a bird that is singing)

–  embarrassing remark (= remark which is embarrassing)

–  disappointing answer (= an answer that is  disappointing)

in sentences:

e.g.     –  Those artificial flowers interest everyone who comes to this exhibition. They are interesting (note : they refers to those artificial flowers)

–  This kind of job bores me. It is really boring.

–  Having a trip with friends amused us. It was amusing.

 

1.2       to form continuous tenses

e.g.     –  The workers are striking for the higher salary.

–  The environmentalists have been having a research  on this river since a month ago.

 

1.3       after the verbs of perception :

SEE, HEAR, FEEL, SMELL  and the verbs: LISTEN, NOTICE, WATCH

e.g.     – I saw them talking to someone.  (= They were  talking to someone when I  saw them, but I didn’t notice  what happened then because I left them.)

Compare to this:

– I saw them talk to someone and go into the  building. (the infinitive implies that the two actions were complete.)

– We heard someone playing a violin in your house when we were having a talk with our quests.

Compare to this:

– We heard someone play a violin in your house. It’s so beautiful that we stopped to hear it.

–  They told me that they had watched you  demonstrating your skill in acrobatics.

 

1.4       in certain verbs :

1.4.1 CATCH / FIND + OBJECT + PRESENT PARTICIPLE

(  The action commonly displeases the subject )

e.g.     – My  teacher  caught  me cheating in  test.

– The farmers found many birds eating their seeds.

 

1.4.2 HAVE  +  OBJECT  +  PRESENT PARTICIPLE

e.g.     – We  will have the people realizing the  danger  of nuclear  weapon. (= as the result of our  efforts, they will realize about it)

 

1.4.3 SPEND / WASTE + AN EXPRESSION OF TIME OR MONEY + PRESENT PARTICIPLE

e.g.     – We wasted the whole afternoon repairing our  washing machine.

– He has spent his money buying the useless things.

 

1.4.4 BE BUSY + PRESENT PARTICIPLE

e.g.     – Everyone is busy preparing the celebration.

– The rescuers were busy evacuating the victims.

 

1.5 It can replace a subordinate clause

1.5.1 in adverb clause of reason

e.g. – Since  he prepared himself well, he was  accepted in that big company.  =  Preparing  himself well, he was accepted in  that big company.

–        Because they are excellent employees, they are promoted to the  higher position. = Being  excellent employees, they  are  promoted to the higher position.

 

1.5.2 in adverb clause of time with WHILE as the conjunction when two actions happen together.

e.g. – While  the  demonstrators  were  displaying   many banners,  they were shouting some  strongly-worded protests. ( While displaying many banners,… ) =  Displaying  many banners, the  demonstrators  were shouting some strongly-worded protests.

– While  he  was showing his designs,  he  explained  the material he used.  ( While showing his designs, … )  =  Showing his designs, he explained the material  he used.

* when one action happens in the middle of another or in the longer action.

e.g.     – While he was working on computers, he found a strange thing on his data.  (  While working on computers, …)  =  Working on computers, he found a strange thing on his data.

* with AFTER when one action happened before the other (the perfect active participle is more common for this ).

e.g.     – After he had got an accident with his motorcycle twice, he promised not to ride it anymore.  = Having got an accident with his motorcycle twice, he promised not to ride it anymore.

– After she has expressed all of what she felt, she is able to smile again.  = Having expressed all of what she felt, she is able to smile again.

 

1.5.3 in adjective clause :

* when the clause is in continuous tense ( the tense of the clause can be in present or past progressive ):

e.g.        – The  women  who are plucking the tea  leaves  have been working for two hours.  = The women plucking the tea leaves have been  work­ing  for  two hours.  (note : The clause can be changed into a noun phrase. It becomes The  tea  leaves-plucking women )

– We  enjoyed the flowers which were blooming in  our garden. = We  enjoyed  the flowers blooming  in  our  garden.    ( the noun phrase of the clause is the blooming flowers in our garden )

* when  the clause  expresses  general  truth, habitual or continuous action ( the tense of the clause can be in simple present or past ) :

e.g.        – The artists who have an exhibition twice a year in Netherlands come from all parts of the world. = The  artists having an exhibition twice a year  in Netherlands come from all parts of the world.

– The  minister of industry will visit  the  company which produces paper.  =  The minister of industry will visit the company producing paper . (The noun phrase of the clause is The paper producing company)

* when the clause expresses a wish ( the tense of the clause is always in simple one) :

e.g.        – The  accused  who wished the true justice  in  his trial  wasn’t  satisfied  to the  decision  of  the judge.  = The  accused  wishing the true justice  in  his trial  wasn’t  satisfied  to the  decision  of  the judge.

– The teachers encourage their students who hope  to get the first prize in that festival.  = The  teachers encourage their students  hoping  to get the first prize in that festival.

 

 2. THE PAST /  PASSIVE  PARTICIPLE

FORM : V3

USED :

2.1       as adjective

2.1.1 in noun phrase :

e.g.     –  baked potatoes ( = potatoes which are baked)

–  frightened child (= child who is frightened)

2.1.2   in  sentences ( * compare to the examples in present participle ) :

e.g.     – Those artificial flowers interests everyone who comes to this exhibition. They are interested (note : they refers to everyone)

– This kind of job bores me. I am really bored..

– Having a trip with friends amused us. We were amused.

2.2       to form the perfect tense

e.g.     –  The researcher has found a new species.

–  Every environmentalist has given their remark about the destroying factories.

–  The accusers will have  announced the  decision  before  he arrives.

2.3 in passive voice

e.g.     –  Our message has been received.

– The  building which was destroyed by  the  terrorists last year  belongs to the Queen.

2.4 to replace subordinate clause

2.4.1 in clause of reason

e.g.     –  Since we were warned not to pass through that road, we changed the route of our journey  = Warned not to pass through that road, we changed the route of our journey.

–  Because some satellites aren’t functioned anymore , they will be destroyed  = Not functioned anymore , some satellites will be destroyed.

2.4.2 in adjective clause

e.g.    – The victims of the earthquake who are being treated in this hospital are in critical condition  = The victims of the earthquake being treated in this hospital are in critical condition  ( * the tense of the clause can be in present or past continuous )

– The foreign explorers will observe some animals which are hunted by the local residents  = The foreign explorers will observe some animals hunted by the local residents  ( * the tense of the clause can be simple present or past )

 * if the clause expresses a future action, the to infinitive  is used :

– The minister’s statement which will be broadcasted should be censored first  = The minister’s statement  to be broadcasted should be censored first.  ( * the tense of the clause is in future tense )

– The schedule which will be announced should be checked again = The schedule to be announced should be checked again.

– Some farmers are still confused about how to select the best fertilizer which will be used for this kind of plant  = Some farmers are still confused about how to select the best fertilizer to be used for this kind of plan.

 

GRAMMAR

GERUND

Gerund has exactly the same form as the present participle (V1+ -ING).

It can be used (= the position of noun in a sentence) :

1. as subject
2. as object of certain verbs
3. as object of preposition
4. as complement
5. in noun compound

1. AS SUBJECT

e.g. – Understanding someone else needs a mature personality.

– Creating a good picture through a computer is really amazing.

2. AS OBJECT of certain verbs

The certain verbs  are  :

admit, anticipate, appreciate,  avoid,  be worth,  can’t help, can’t stand, consider,  delay,  deny, dislike, dread, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy (= imagine), finish,  forget,  give  up,   imagine,  involve,  keep  (= continue),  look forward to, mind (= object to), miss,  par­don,  postpone, practice, prevent, propose  (=  suggest), recollect, remember, risk, stop, suggest, understand

e.g. – Do you enjoy learning English?

– Women always dread getting old.

 

NOTE FOR CERTAIN VERBS :

APPRECIATE : requires a possessive adjective before gerund:

e.g.    – I appreciate your giving me so much of your time.

– Everyone will appreciate his telling them about the broken bridge.

EXCUSE, FORGIVE, PARDON : take either possessive adjective + gerund  or  object + for + gerund :

e.g.    – Forgive my interrupting you!

– Forgive me for interrupting you!

– He excused our coming late yesterday.

– He excused us for coming late yesterday.

PREVENT :  takes either possessive adjective +  gerund   or  object + (from) +  gerund :

e.g.   – The government prevents his leaving this country.

– The government  prevents  him  from  leaving  this country.

These verbs  can be followed directly by  gerund  or  by possessive adjective/object + gerund. If they are direct­ly followed by gerund, the gerund refers to the subject :

approve / disapprove of,   dislike,  fancy,  insist   on,  involve, like, mean, mind, object to, propose,  remember, save,  stop,  suggest,  understand,  it is  no   good / use, there’s no point in, what’s the point of

e.g. – Andi  insisted on seeing the document .(=  Andi  saw it)

but the gerund refers to the person denoted by the  possessive adjective or object if we put him before gerund :

e.g. – Andi insisted me on seeing the document  (= I saw / had to see the document because he forced me to)

STOP  (=  PREVENT)  : the pronoun is more  usual  than  the possessive adjective :

e.g. – I can’t stop him taking a picture of the victim.

MIND :  used chiefly in the interrogative (in request)  and negative :

e.g.   – Would you mind helping me ? (= I ask for a help)

– Would you mind my helping you ? (= I offer a help)

– I  don’t  mind staying in this room.  (= I  stay in this room and I don’t  object to)

– I  don’t mind his staying in this room (= He  stays in this room and I don’t object   to)

SUGGEST, PROPOSE : can be followed by :

a. gerund :

e.g. – He suggested taking a computer course ( = someone who is given the suggestion is general )

 possessive adjective / object + gerund :

e.g. – She suggested him / his applying the new method  ( = he is advised (by her) to apply it.  * There is a certain person to be advised  )

b. that + subject + should

e.g.       – She  suggested  that  he should  apply  the  new method.

 

3.  as OBJECT of preposition

e.g.        – Aren’t  you interested in working on  agriculture  research?

– She left after getting what she needed.

 

4. as COMPLEMENT

e.g.      – Their  target is building a laboratory  for  chemistry research.  ( = Their target is to build …)

– What  I always dream on is having my own library  with many kinds of books in it.

The  perfect gerund can also be used :

e.g.    – She is accused of having copied the data about the research.

– Having read this lesson twice makes me understand it well.

 

5. in COMPOUND NOUN (= as noun modifier)

e.g.    –  washing machine = machine which is used for washing

– swimming suit   = a suit / garment that is for swimming

– pruning knife   = a knife for pruning

 

INFINITIVE AND GERUND

WITH CERTAIN VERBS :

1.BEGIN,  START, CONTINUE, CEASE :

may use to- infinitive  or  gerund without any difference in meaning:

e.g.     –     I began working.   OR   I began to work.

–     We continue discussing it.  OR We continue to discuss it.

2. ATTEMPT, INTEND :

to infinitive is more common for them

e.g.    – You should attempt to reach your future yourself.

–  He intends to promote some of his employees.

3. ADVISE, RECOMMEND, ENCOURAGE, ALLOW, PERMIT :

If the person concerned  is mentioned, we use  to infinitive :

e.g. – My teacher advised me to be more active.

but gerund is used when there isn’t any person concerned :

e.g. – My teacher advised being more active.

the gerund after allow and  permit can’t have an object :

e.g.     –     The chief allowed leaving early.

–     The headmaster doesn’t permit staying in class during the break.

4. SUBJECT (THINGS)  + NEED / REQUIRE / WANT :

can be  followed  by either  gerund (more usual) or passive infinitive:

e.g.     –     This tree wants pruning.  =  This tree wants to be pruned.

–     Your house requires repairing.  = Your house requires to be repaired.

If we put a person as the subject of those words, to infinitive construction is used.

e.g.     –    I need to prune  this tree in order that I can get the best yield.

–     We want  to repair  this house because there is some cracked wall here and there.

5. REGRET, REMEMBER, FORGET :

are  used with  gerund  when the action expressed by the gerund  is earlier than the one expressed by those verbs :

e.g.     –     I  regret spending so much money on this  useless  thing.  (= be sorry for what has happened or happened, so “spending …”  is the first action )

–     They  will  never forget having a short dialogue with  the Pope.  (= never forget what they experienced)

but  when those verbs express the earlier action, to infinitive form follows them :

e.g.     –     I  regret to inform that you are fired (= be  sorry  for what I am   going to say.  (* regret is the first action)

–     I  remember to tell them about the schedule (=  remember what has to do)

6. LIKE + gerund = ENJOY

e.g. –     I like staring at my flowers. They are beautiful.

–     Child likes playing with water and sand. He will be angry if we ask him to stop it.

LIKE  +  to infinitive = choose to; be in the habit of ; think  it right to.

e.g.     –     I like to get up early so that I can have plenty of time to prepare for the day work.

–     I don’t like to disturb you this time. I’ll fix it up by myself.

would like (= want / wish) is always followed by to infinitive.

e.g.     –     We would like to get the better result.

–     Would you like to have a look?

7. PREFER

We most often use GERUND after prefer, to talk about general preferences.

e.g.     A   :     Do you like having fun with your friends?

B    :    Sometimes, but I prefer reading a book.

 When we say that we prefer one activity to another,  GERUND can be used in both halves of  the sentence.

e.g.-   I  prefer  reading  books to watching films.   (=  I  like reading better than watching films = I would rather read than watch films)

 would prefer + to infinitive

e.g.     –     I would prefer to spend the holiday here.

–     They  would  prefer  to have some days off better than do / doing nothing here.

8. AGREE / AGREE TO,  BE AFRAID OF, BE ABOUT / ON THE POINT  OF,  BE SORRY, MEAN, GO ON, PROPOSE, STOP, TRY, USED (TO). 

They  have different  meanings  according to whether they are  used  with gerund or infinitive :

AGREE  TO + GERUND  and  AGREE TO + INFINITIVE

e.g. –     He  agreed to stay for a moment. (= I or someone  else asked him to stay and he said that he would.)

–     He agreed to staying for a moment. (= there’s an  idea of staying for a moment and he didn’t object to it.)

–     He agreed to my staying for a moment. (= I suggested that I could stay for a moment and he didn’t mind it.)

BE AFRAID (= FEAR) OF + GERUND and  BE AFRAID TO + INFINITIVE

e.g.     –     As he is afraid of losing his job, he never  criticizes his boss. (There’s no intention to lose the job )

–     He   is   afraid  to  tell  the  truth,  so  he  just  keeps quiet.  (There’s an intention to tell it but he doesn’t have the courage)

BE ABOUT + TO INFINITIVE = BE ON THE POINT OF + GERUND

e.g. –     I  was about to step my foot / I was on the point  of stepping  my  foot  when there was a snake passing through my way.

–     The lady was about to leave the room in a hotel  /  The lady was on the point of leaving the room in a hotel when the police caught her.

(BE) SORRY FOR + GERUND (= apologize for what we have done or did)

e.g. – I  am  sorry for embarrassing you last night.  (=  I’m sorry  that I embarrassed  you last night)

(BE) SORRY  TO + INFINITIVE (= apologize for what we are  doing  or about to do)

e.g. –     Sorry to  interrupt,  I need to talk to  you  for  a minute.

–     We are sorry to let you all wait for us for some minutes because we have some more important things to handle.

MEAN

e.g.  –     They still don’t understand your explanation. So,  it means repeating once again.    (= involve)

–     Though he has failed twice, he means to try it again.  (= intend)

GO ON

in  general it is followed by gerund  (= continue  what  one has been doing):

e.g.  –     Don’t worry,  we will go on finishing it soon!

–     They went on observing the disease.

it  can be used with  to infinitive. (=  change or move on  to something  new, usually with the verbs : tell,  talk,  ex­plain )

e.g. –     He began with the classifying of some plants, then he went on to explain the use of each plant.

Compare these sentences:

• He went on telling about the method of planting cuttings.    (=  he had told it for some minutes but  there’s  someone interrupting him )
• He went on to tell about the method of planting cuttings. (=  he had told about how to plant in general then he continued the next topic)

PROPOSE

e.g. – I propose starting tomorrow.  (= suggest)

– I propose to start tomorrow.  (= intend)

STOP  +  GERUND = cease

e.g. – You should stop him leaving without my permission.

STOP  +  TO INFINITIVE = halt (means in purpose)

e.g.- Some  tourists stopped here to ask about the way.

TRY  +  GERUND = make an experiment; do something to see  what will happen.

e.g. – He tried applying the new fertilizer (means: he  had spread  out the fertilizer   and saw what would  happen then)

TRY +  TO INFINITIVE = make an effort; attempt to do  something difficult

e.g. – He  tried  to apply the new  fertilizer   (means:  he counted  the amount of the chemical  elements  which are needed for his plants)

SUBJECT  +  USED TO  +  VERB1 ( * this expresses the past habit )

e.g. – My family used to have a meal together  when all of the children were still in the elementary and secondary school.

SUBJECT +  BE / BECOME / GET  + USED TO (= ACCUSTOMED TO)  +  GERUND / NOUN.

e.g. –     I have been used to hot climate.

–     I have been used to living in hot climate.

–     The students get used to the school’s regulation.

–     They will become used to working efficiently.

 

GRAMMAR 

 

TO INFINITIVE CONSTRUCTIONS

1. SUBJECT + VERB + TO INFINITIVE

Verbs that are followed by this pattern are:

attempt,  agree,  begin,  continue,  dare,  decide,  desire,  expect,  fear, forget,  happen,  have, hope ,  intend,  learn,  like,  love,  need,  offer,  prefer,  pretend,  promise,  propose,  regret,  remember,  seem,  start,  try,  want,  wish,  etc.

There is an influential difference in meaning for some types of sentences using this to infinitive.

Study the comparison of the meaning of these sentences :

e.g.        – He will try to get in contact with them.

This means an effort to get in contact with them. The possibility of the effort is “he will look for their phone number.”

–             He won’t try to get in contact with them.

This means that there is no effort.  He doesn’t want to get in contact with them or It is his decision not to have a communication with them.

–             He will try not to get in contact with them.

This means an effort to avoid them. Though he is forced to make a contact with a threat of being killed, he will not do it.

–             Will he try to get in contact with them?

This means a question whether he will try to avoid the contact or not and the possible answer is “yes” or “no”.

–             Won’t he try to get in contact with them?

This means an inquiry why he seems to avoid the contact while on the contrary he has decided to do it before.

 

2. SUBJECT + VERB + OBJECT + TO INFINITIVE

Here are  the verbs for this construction:

advise,  allow, ask,  beg,  cause,  command,  encourage,  expect,  force,  get,  help,  instruct,  invite,  like,  love,  order,  permit,  prefer,  prepare,  promise,  remind,  request,  teach,  want,  wish, etc.

e.g.        -They forced my brother to tell the secret.

This means that he didn’t want to tell it but they asked him to.

–             They didn’t force my brother to tell the secret.

This means that he had a choice to tell it or not. It’s up to him

–             They forced my brother not to tell the secret.

This means that he wanted to tell it but they commanded him to keep quiet.

–             Did they force my brother to tell the secret?

This means a question whether they threatened him to close his mouth.

–             Didn’t they force my brother to tell the secret?

This means an inquiry why he remains silent though being killed is a risk that he would get.

Note:    To avoid the repetition of the verb or verb phrase in the sentence, we can omit the second verb and leave the preposition “to”.

e.g.        -I don’t want to meet him now but I promise to.

–             A : Have you got a letter from him?

B : No, but I expect to.

 

3.           SUBJECT + VERB + OBJECT + INFINITIVE WITHOUT TO

The infinitive without to is used in several cases :

3.1          with Modal Auxiliary Verbs.

e.g.       -I must go now!                                -Can I go with him?

 

3.2          with certain verbs followed by object :

Feel,  have, hear,  help,  know,  let,  make,  notice,  observe,  see, watch

 e.g.       -She lets her students give a protest whenever she makes a mistake.

-I will help you clean up the room.

-Have Mr. Heidi check this report, please!

• But when these verbs are used in passive (except watch and notice), they need “to”.

e.g.       -Her students are let to give a protest whenever she makes a mistake.

-You will be helped to clean the room.

• The verb “HAVE” can be followed by object + active participle or object + past participle. For further information, see chapter three!
• The verb “HAVE” and “MAKE” have a causative meaning.  (See part 4)

 

3.3          with Why (NOT)

WHY + INFINITIVE without to is used in question form and usually to suggest that it is stupid or pointless to do something.

e.g.        –              Why stand up  here? There are still many seats vacant.

–      Why raise this point again? They have refused it twice.

 

WHY + NOT + INFINITIVE without to is used to introduce suggestion and advice.

e.g.        –              Why not let me help you? You look so busy and confused.

–                Why not adopt a child from an orphanage? This may solve your problem.

 

3.4. with AND, OR, EXCEPT, BUT, THAN

When two infinitives are joined by them, we don’t need “to” for the second.

e.g.       – I would like to have some drink and eat some biscuits

–  It is easier to have an informal conversation than give a speech in English.

• BUT and EXCEPT use the infinitive without to after “do + anything / nothing / everything”

e.g.   –  We have nothing to do except wait and see what will happen to those young men.

–  He would do everything but take care of the child.

 

4. CAUSATIVE VERBS

The CAUSATIVE VERBS, that are used to mean asking someone else to do something, are:

HAVE, GET, MAKE, LET

They have Active and Passive meaning.

The pattern for the Active meaning is :

S + HAVE + OBJECT + INFINITIVE + OBJECT

S + MAKE + OBJECT + INFINITIVE + OBJECT

S + LET + OBJECT + INFINITIVE + OBJECT

S + GET + OBJECT + TO INFINITIVE + OBJECT

e.g.        -His parents have him search for her education and family background before he marries her.

This means that :

His parents ask him to search for her education and family background before he marries her

                He is asked to search for her education and family background before he marries her by her parents.

  –             The teacher made some students finish the assignment after school as their punishment.

This sentence means that :

The teacher commanded some students  to finish the assignment after school as their punishment.

                Some students were commanded to finish the assignment after school as their punishment.

 –             Mrs. Roby lets her children play in the playground.

This sentence means that :

Mrs. Roby allows / permits her children to play in the playground.

                Mrs. Roby’s children are allowed / permitted to play in the playground by their mother.

  –             A new investor will get the banker to agree his loan due to the capital.

This sentence means that :

A new investor will persuade the banker to agree his loan due to the capital.

The banker will be persuaded to agree his loan due to the capital  by a new investor.

 

The pattern for the Passive meaning :

 S + HAVE + OBJECT + V3 (by agent)

S + GET + OBJECT + V3 (by agent)

S+ MAKE + OBJECT + V3 + (by agent)

e.g.        – The headmaster has had the garden planted with coconut.

This sentence means that :

The headmaster has requested someone (= the gardener) to plant coconut tree in the garden.

–             Father made the car checked carefully.

This sentence means that :

Father ordered the mechanic to check the car carefully.

–             The doctor is getting the medicine drunk by the patient whom he is taking care of.

This sentence means that :

The doctor is exhorting the patient whom he is taking care of to drink the medicine.

 

GRAMMAR

 

EXPLANATION TEXTS

Communicative Purpose:

To explain the processes involved in the formation or working of natural or socio-cultural phenomena.

 Generic Structure:

1. General statement
2. Explanation
3. Closing

TEXT ONE

Bipolar disorder usually begins in a person’s late teens or 20s. Men usually experience mania as the first mood episode, whereas women typically experience depression first. Episodes of mania and depression usually last from several weeks to several months. On average, people with untreated bipolar disorder experience four episodes of mania or depression over any ten-year period. Many people with bipolar disorder function normally between episodes. In “rapid-cycling” bipolar disorder, however, which represents 5 to 15 percent of all cases, a person experiences four or more mood episodes within a year and may have little or no normal functioning in between episodes. In rare cases, swings between mania and depression occur over a period of days.

In another type of bipolar disorder, a person experiences major depression and hypomanic episodes, or episodes of milder mania. In a related disorder called cyclothymic disorder, a person’s mood alternates between mild depression and mild mania. Some people with cyclothymic disorder later develop full-blown bipolar disorder. Bipolar disorder may also follow a seasonal pattern, with a person typically experiencing depression in the fall and winter and mania in the spring or summer (see Seasonal Affective Disorder).

People in the depressive phase of bipolar disorder feel intensely sad or profoundly indifferent to work, activities, and people that once brought them pleasure. They think slowly, concentrate poorly, feel tired, and experience changes—usually an increase—in their appetite and sleep. They often feel a sense of worthlessness or helplessness. In addition, they may feel pessimistic or hopeless about the future and may think about or attempt suicide. In some cases of severe depression, people may experience psychotic symptoms, such as delusions (false beliefs) or hallucinations (false sensory perceptions). See Psychosis.

In the manic phase of bipolar disorder, people feel intensely and inappropriately happy, self-important, and irritable. In this highly energized state they sleep less, have racing thoughts, and talk in rapid-fire speech that goes off in many directions. They have inflated self-esteem and confidence and may even have delusions of grandeur. Mania may make people impatient and abrasive, and when frustrated, physically abusive. They often behave in socially inappropriate ways, think irrationally, and show impaired judgment. For example, they may take airplane trips all over the country, make indecent sexual advances, and formulate grandiose plans involving indiscriminate investments of money. The self-destructive behavior of mania includes excessive gambling, buying outrageously expensive gifts, abusing alcohol or other drugs, and provoking confrontations with obnoxious or combative behavior.

(taken from Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009. © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.)

State whether each statement below is correct or incorrect!

1. The first episode of Bipolar Disorder is indicated through depression.
2. The four episodes of mania or depressions will be experienced if Bipolar Disorder is not handled appropriately.
3. People with rapid-cycling bipolar disorder experiences more than four mood episodes within ten year.
4. The full blown bipolar disorder begins with episodes of milder mania.
5. Bipolar disorder may also occur seasonally.
6. People who are not interested in working or doing activities means that they have been in the depressive phase of bipolar disorder.
7. Poor concentration, high appetite, and experiencing pleasure with others are the signs of the depressive phase.
8. When people experience delusions or hallucinations, they may attempt suicide.
9. Losing their self-esteem and self-pride can be the effect of bipolar disorder in the depressive phase.
10. The symptoms in the depressive phase are similar to those in the manic phase.
11. Mania may not only disturb other people but also destroy themselves.
12. Fighting between groups or societies may be fired by people with manic depressive.

VOCABULARY

Match these verbs  to their meaning below them!

1. Mania
2. Typically
3. Swing
4. Mild
5. Alternate
6. Phase
7. Intense
8. Indifferent
9. Worthless
10. Appetite
11. Severe
12. Energize
13. Inflate
14. Self-esteem
15. Abrasive
16. Abusive
17. Indecent
18. Indiscriminate
19. excessive
20. outrageous

A. a sudden or significant change, especially in the way people think or act;  B. a period of time when a situation or a particular pattern of behaviour persists and is often annoying or worrying;    C.  psychiatric disorder characterized by excessive physical activity, rapidly changing ideas, and impulsive behaviour;     D. extremely bad or dangerous;    E. showing no care or concern;    F. to shift back and forth, especially regularly and constantly, between one state and another;    G. to supply somebody with strength or power;    H. harsh in manner;    I. extraordinary and uncoventional;  J.harmful, involving physical, psychological or sexual maltreatment;            K. as expected, especially annoyingly expected, of a particular person or thing;  L.extreme;     M. having no good, attractive, or admirable qualities at all;    N.value oneself highly;    O. desire for food;     P. improper;   Q.  not selective;  R. not severe or strong;     S. beyond what is considered acceptable, proper, usual or necessary;   T. make something greater

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TEXT TWO

All species of organisms originate through the process of biological evolution. In this process, new species arise from a series of natural changes. In animals that reproduce sexually, including humans, the term species refers to a group whose adult members regularly interbreed, resulting in fertile offspring—that is, offspring themselves capable of reproducing. Scientists classify each species with a unique, two-part scientific name. In this system, modern humans are classified as Homo sapiens.

The mechanism for evolutionary change resides in genes—the basic units of heredity. Genes affect how the body and behavior of an organism develop during its life. The information contained in genes can change—a process known as mutation. The way particular genes are expressed—how they affect the body or behavior of an organism—can also change. Over time, genetic change can alter a species’ overall way of life, such as what it eats, how it grows, and where it can live.

Genetic changes can improve the ability of organisms to survive, reproduce, and, in animals, raise offspring. This process is called adaptation. Parents pass adaptive genetic changes to their offspring, and ultimately these changes become common throughout a population—a group of organisms of the same species that share a particular local habitat. Many factors can favor new adaptations, but changes in the environment often play a role. Ancestral human species adapted to new environments as their genes changed, altering their anatomy (physical body structure), physiology (bodily functions, such as digestion), and behavior. Over long periods, evolution dramatically transformed humans and their ways of life.

Geneticists estimate that the human line began to diverge from that of the African apes between 8 million and 5 million years ago (paleontologists have dated the earliest human fossils to at least 6 million years ago). This figure comes from comparing differences in the genetic makeup of humans and apes, and then calculating how long it probably took for those differences to develop. Using similar techniques and comparing the genetic variations among human populations around the world, scientists have calculated that all people may share common genetic ancestors that lived sometime between 290,000 and 130,000 years ago.

(Taken from Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009. © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation.)

Choose the correct answer!

1. Which is the correct meaning of “species” according to the text?  (A.Organisms which sexually reproduce the different off-springs;    B.The fertile offspring that is capable of reproducing;    C. A group of adult members that is able to reproduce the same off-springs.;    D. A group of adult members producing fertile off-springs from different species.)

2. What is the main idea of the first paragraph?   (A. The term “species”;   B.The classification of organisms;    C. A series of natural changes;    D. The introduction of evolutionary)

3. From the second paragraph, we can know that genes …    (A. contain the basic units of heredity;    B. is the place where mutation occurs;   C. control the physical and mental development;    D. cannot change due to their environment)

4. What influences adaptation?     (A. The population;    B. the changes in the environment;    C.  The adaptive genetic changes;    D.The particular local habits)

5. “…, such as what it eats …” (p. 2 line 5) What does the underlined word refer to?    (A. The mechanism for evolutionary;   B.  A species;    C. The genetic change;    D.The organization)

6. The evolution may affect …   (A. The way of humans’ life;    B. The ability of organism to survive;    C. The number of population;    D. The change of the off-springs)

7. What best defines the word “Geneticist”?     (A. A person who studies fossils;  B.   A person who studies genes;    C. A person who studies organism;   D.  A person who studies human species)

8. “This figure comes from comparing differences…”

(p.4 line 3) The underlined word refers to …    (A. Paleontologist;    B.Geneticist;    C. The earliest human fossils;    D. Human line)

9. Which statement is correct according to the text?   (A. Genes are the most important parts in the process of biological evolution.;   B. The change in the genes can result on the new species.;    C. Adaptation can happen only when the ability of organisms changes.;   D. Sharing common genetic ancestors was done arounf 290,000 ago.)

VOCABULARY

Do these commands below;

1. Write the part of speech of the underlined word from the text.
2. Find two other parts of speech of each word.
3. Make a sentence of each part of speech. (If possible, use the different parts of speech in one sentence)

 

READING PRACTICES

PROCEDURE TEXTS

Communicative Purpose:

to describe how something is completely done through a sequence of series

 Generic Structure of Procedure

1. Goal: showing the purpose
2. Material: Telling the needed materials
3. Step 1-end: Describing the steps to achieve the purpose

TEXT ONE

Read the text well, then do the instructions below!

The first step in brewing, called malting, involves steeping the grain in water for several days until it begins to germinate, or sprout. During germination, enzymes within the grain convert the hard, starchy interior of the grain to a type of sugar called maltose. At this point, the grain is called malt. After several days, when the majority of the starch has been converted to sugar, the malt is heated and dried. This process, called kilning, stops the malt from germinating any further. A portion of the malt may be further roasted to varying depths of color and flavor to create different styles of beer.

After kilning, the dried malt is processed in a mill, which cracks the husks (the outer coating of the grain). The cracked malt is transferred to a container called a mash tun, and hot water is added. The malt steeps in the liquid, usually for one to two hours. This process, called mashing, breaks down the complex sugars in the grain and releases them in the water, producing a sweet liquid called wort. The temperature and amount of time used to mash the malt affects the body and flavor of the finished beer.

In the next step, called brewing, the wort is transferred to a large brew kettle and boiled for up to two hours. Boiling effectively sterilizes the wort to kill any bacteria that may spoil the wort during fermentation. During this stage of the brewing process, hops are added to the wort to provide a spicy flavor and bitterness that balances the sweetness of the wort. The types of hops used and the length of time they are boiled are determined by the style of beer being made. To produce a beer with a stronger, more bitter flavor, hops are boiled for at least 30 minutes and often longer. This enables the bitter oils in the hops to fully infuse into the wort.

(Taken from Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009. © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

1. Simplify the procedure above!
2. Write the ingredients which are needed!
3. Tell the reference of each of the underlined word in the text!

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VOCAB

Find the meaning of these words!

1. Brew
2. Starchy
3. sterilize
4. Malt
5. Kiln
6. spoil
7. Steep
8. Roast
9. hop
10. Germinate
11. Mill
12. determine
13. Convert
14. Mash
15. Infuse

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TEXT TWO

Tips on “How To Avoid Traffic Jam”

Most gridlock strikes when the quick braking of one driver ripples rapidly down a string of cars. “There is no accident, there is no bottleneck – it is a phantom blockage,” says Berthold K.P. Horn, a computer scientist at MIT. Horn recently developed an algorithm that shows traffic can flow smoothly when people follow certain rules. Here’s what you can do to help:

1. Pay attention to the car behind you, and maintain an equal distance between it and the car ahead. With a buffer, if the driver in front briefly brakes, you won’t pass the hiccup along.
2. Drive at the same speed as the cars around you. Accelerating to catch up to the vehicle ahead will result in braking or switching lanes, which may force another driver to slow suddenly.
3. Buy a car with an adaptive cruise-control system to automatically sync your speed with surrounding traffic. Or, save up for when a self-driving car hits a market.

(taken from “Don Bayley/Getty Images”)

Choose the correct answer!

1. The purpose of the text is …  (A.  to tell how to avoid traffic jams;  B.to guide the drivers to use the brake system;  C. to inform how to accelerate;  D.to ask the people to flow more smoothly;   E. to pay attention on driving a car)

2. Who is Horn?   (A.  the writer;   B. a computer scientist;   C. a traffic regulator;      D. a policeman;   E. one of the drivers)

3. Which is correct according to the first step?  (A. People should always maintain equal distance between cars;   B. People should not drive closely to the other cars;   C. People should have buffer to maintain the speed;   D.People should maintain the speed;  E.  People should brake briefly)

4. Which steps asks us to have constant speed? (A. first step;   B. first and second steps;  C. second step;   D.  all steps;  E. third step)

5. Fill in the blank with the appropriate word taken from the text!

When a car in front of you lowers the speed without any sign, you will brake your car …  (A.  adaptively;    B. suddenly;   C. rapidly;    D. recently;   E.smoothly)

6. What is the synonym of the “rules”? (in p.1 line.5)  (A. regulations;   B.measurements;   C.  commands;   D. laws;   E. steps)

 

Text Three

Read  the instructions while completing it with the sentences below!

CAMERA BASIC INSTRUCTION MANUAL

1. Insert the battery.
2. Insert the card. With the card’s label facing toward the back of the camera, insert it into the card slot.
3. Attach the lens. Align the lens’ white or red mount index with the camera’s mount index of the same color.
4. Set the lens’ focus mode switch to <AF>
5. Set the power switch to <ON>. When the LCD monitor displays the date/time/zone setting screens, a. …,   b. …,   c. …
6. Set the Mode Dial to <A⁺>. All the necessary camera settings will be set automatically.
7. Focus on the subject, a. …,    b. …
8. Take the picture. Press the shutter button completely to take the picture.
9. Review the picture, a. …,  b. …

(source: Canon Manual)

Insert each sentence into the text!

• Display the menu screen. Press the <MENU> button to display the menu screen.
• Press the shutter button halfway, and the camera will focus on the subject.
• To display the image again, press the right arrow button.
• If necessary, the built-in flash will be raised.
• Set the time zone. (London) is set by default. Press the right or left arrow keys to select the time zone box.
• Look through the viewfinder and aim the viewfinder center over the subject.
• Under the tab, select (Date/Time/Zone). Press the right or left arrow keys to select the tab and Press the up and down button keys to select (Date/Time/Zone), then press <set>
• The captured image will be displayed for approx. 2 seconds on the LCD monitor.

 

VOCABULARY

Fill in the blank with another part of speech of the underlined word from the text!

1. Lens are the most … in a camera. The variety of the lens depends on lens focal length.
2. Never forget to … off the power button after using the camera.
3. The … of the pictures taken by this camera is interesting enough to attract many visitors.
4. The … light can help the camera to create a clear picture.
5. You can use the … mode if it’s difficult to adjust the focus.
6. You must keep this … in order that the dust may not destroy the lens.
7. The … of a shot which can tell a lot about facts must be considered before making pictures.
8. The screen … is needed to show how far your work is.
9. Do you need the … of what they have done this week?
10. Everyone should understand the … of taking pictures so that those pictures can tell something.

READING PRACTICES