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Chapter Three

CHAPTER THREE

REDUCED ADVERB CLAUSES and INVERSIONS

Task One

Reduced adverb clause

  Reduces in active Reduces in passive
Time after,  before,  since,  when,  while once,  until,  when,  whenever
Condition if,  unless,  whether if,  unless, whether
Contrast although, though although,  though
Place   where,  whereever
manner   as

State whether the sentence is correct (C) or incorrect (I)!

  1. Many drivers don’t appreciate others although having knowledge how to drive safely.
  2. When known about personality, he decides to propose her.
  3. Though located far enough from the river, this village is often flooded during the rainy season.
  4. While thinking about the way to escape, he heard someone calling his name.
  5. Once purchasing, it cannot be returned or changed.
  6. If submitting on time, your paper won’t be rejected.
  7. These ingredients must be stirred until well mixed.
  8. The employees do their work as instructing.
  9. This case won’t be closed until proven that he doesn’t get involved.
  10. The man is designing his house as planning.
  11. The uneducated people may get the job easily whether having the needed skill.
  12. The refugees haven’t got enough food supply since left the barrack.
  13. The people won’t be caught by the cyber police unless writing hatreds or provocative statements.
  14. All of the questions in this exercise seem easy to do after explaining.
  15. Before taking a scholarship, you should prepare what is needed.
  16. The professional motivator is always ready whenever needed.
  17. This picture looks elegant wherever placing in this large room.
  18. The chemical substances will still poison the water unless recycling properly.
  19. The policy won’t be legalized until approved by the president.
  20. You will be forgiven whether told the truth.

Task Two

Inversion of the subject and the verb with question word (what,  when, where,  etc.)

Correct the sentences below!

  1. What does she can explain?
  2. Whose house we are going to use for shooting?
  3. How long they had attacked the city before finally conquering it?
  4. Which beach does have the white sand?
  5. How deep a mother’s love to her child?
  6. Why is every one often do their task carelessly?
  7. When the people realized the high risk of the miscarriage
  8. How far the museum is from the center of the town.
  9. What these tools are for?
  10. How those intruders entered this lace?
  11. Whom the leader contacts every afternoon?
  12. What does lead many teenagers to the dark life?
  13. Who is seems uncomfortable with this situation?
  14. What the participants will be doing at the second session?
  15. Where the pirates might keep their treasures?

Task Three

Inversion of the subject and the verb with place expressions

e.g.  Around the corner is Sam’s  house

Invert these sentences below!

  1. Your true faith is in the deepest of your heart.
  2. Every one’s suit is at the corner of this room.
  3. What you are looking for is at the second floor.
  4. The seeds which you will plant is in the white plastic box.
  5. The coconut trees are along the beach.
  6. The resort becoming the favorite place to stay is at the slope of Bromo mountain.
  7. The soldiers who are ready to attack have been at the hidden places for almost two hours.
  8. Love and hatred must be in every one’s heart.
  9. The best security for the gold deposit is at the vault.
  10. What every one needs to live is in the family’s bound of love.
  11. The challenging games are at the newest tourist destination in the complex of super malls.
  12. The wonderful waterfall whose water contains sulfur is between the two high cliffs.
  13. The school children following the art workshop have already been in the art gallery.
  14. Some towers built to boost the speed are at the hills.
  15. The songs which are hits are in his new album.

Task Four

Inversion of the subject and the verb with negatives: no sooner,  at no time, never,  hardly,  barely,  scarcely,  seldom,  neither,  only

Invert these sentences below!

  1. Some species of birds are hardly seen in this forest.
  2. He had no sooner left the house than it was burnt.
  3. I have never visited the tourist destination in other islands.
  4. The students are confused to the headmaster’s decision, and the students aren’t either.
  5. He barely sings on the stage after he got divorced.
  6. Only the board members are allowed to enter this room.
  7. The new governor seldom talks to his people.
  8. Traditional languages are rarely spoken by the young people now.
  9. At no time he leaves the house for hanging out with his friends.
  10. Only the chosen will get the chance to see the spirit through a meditation.
  11. The rain rarely comes down, but when it falls, it causes a big flood.
  12. You will no sooner meet them to discuss about your invention.
  13. The headmaster will never let the students use the internet through their gadget during the break.
  14. Old people prefer to consume the nutritious food, and the young do too.
  15. The wine produced by this company is rarely found due to the long preservation before it is consumed.

Task Five

Inversion of the subject and the verb with comparison : than

Invert these sentences below!

  1. Due to the mist, the island can be seen less clearly than its beach from this place.
  2. Teenagers do the crime more than the adults do nowadays.
  3. The collection of the historical things in this museum is more complete than the one I visited last month.
  4. Lie works in his laboratory more frequently than Mr. Qowy does.
  5. The price of the daily needs has raised faster than that of the clothes.
  6. This year designers prefer to have more colors and styles than those in the past.
  7. Malang is more populous than Jember.
  8. Winston Churchill was as famous as Alexander Flemming.
  9. They accomplish the tasks as well as their opponents.
  10. His masterpiece is not so great as his brother’s.
  11. Your company pays more for its employees than mine.
  12. The time for this project seems longer than that of the previous one.
  13. He left the house as early as we did.
  14. The censor on your device is less sensitive than that of mine.
  15. His competence is not so high as yours.

Task Six

Inversion of the subject and the verb with “there”

  1. Shows existence : e.g. There are so many hoaxes on health.
  2. In exclamation : e.g. There (Here) comes our food!

Make a sentence with “there” based on the situation below!

  1. Many kinds of fruity drinks are served in this restaurant.
  2. We are glad that finally we can find our car key.
  3. We had some horrible experiences during our staying in that old house.
  4. Due to the advance technology, the number of the products can be increased.
  5. The children are screaming when seeing their idol.
  6. Indonesia has more than a hundred tribes.
  7. Few hybrid flowers can live in this dry area.
  8. More people give those children a lot of toys.
  9. No planes flew last Sunday because of the “Nyepi” (Seclusion day)
  10. The surfers are shouting at the coming waves.
  11. The groom is walking toward the altar elegantly.
  12. He will invite a lot of his friends to his wedding ceremony.
  13. She is showing the novel she wants much to me.
  14. Some foreign students studied in this campus last semester.
  15. He is pointing at the sun rising from the mountain.

Task seven

Inversion of the subject and the verb in If-conditional clauses

Invert these sentences below! 

  1. If Indonesian were so lazy, foreign countries would conquer us.
  2. If there were more than one entrance, the people wouldn’t fight for entering the hall.
  3. If we had known the route, we wouldn’t have got lost.
  4. If you should find any defect on our products, please call this number.
  5. If you had been invited in that seminar, you would understand how to manage your money.
  6. If this were mine, I would keep it well.
  7. If we should be disappointed to the service, we may talk to the manager.
  8. If his leadership were high, he would never threat his employees for their mistakes.
  9. If I hadn’t forgotten to bring the camera, I would have been able to record that unforgettable moment.
  10. If he should stay here longer, we will be glad.
  11. If he were blamed for this lost, he would leave the team.
  12. If the food hadn’t been so hot, I would have enjoyed the meal.
  13. If more people were humble, there wouldn’t be any violence.
  14. If you should not be comfortable to our service, you may write your complaint to the manager.
  15. If speaking to the public were one of the lessons to be learnt at school, students would get more confident.

 

Back to Exercises for TOEFL preparation

Chapter Two

CHAPTER TWO

 PARTICIPLES, COORDINATORS and CLAUSES

Task One

Present Participle

Underline the Present Participle, then tell the meaning of it or change it into a clause!

  1. Having traveled many times alone, those boys get a knowledge of how to survive.
  2. She is dreaming of acting in the broadcasting with the popular actor.
  3. Our parents look busy preparing the party for celebrating their anniversary.
  4. The cooking girl is learning how to make pizza.
  5. The high buildings standing at the center of the town reduce the supply of the oxygen for the town dwellers.
  6. As she was caught cheating in the test, her parents are invited the meet the headmaster today.
  7. We are waiting for the speaker speaking there for an interview.
  8. It is annoying to hear that he doesn’t want to stop smoking.
  9. His confusing statement causes this chaos.
  10. Leaving the children having no parental guidance to play on the their gadgets may put them in danger.
  11. This handmade products producing industry often postpone delivering the orders.
  12. The man rejecting our proposal isn’t the one usually making decision for every proposal.
  13. Snorkeling has been my hobby since my friend leading a marine life community invited me to enjoy the beauty of the sea.
  14. Being the new captain of this club, he is trying to know all of the members having different ability and skill.
  15. Before having the adventurous journey, he asked a lot of questions to the one having that kind of journey.
  16. The hibernating animals may not be awaken for eating.
  17. The spinning blades in the raw material processing machine will grind it into pieces.
  18. Look at this video! The large melting glaciers is moving to the ocean.
  19. Our hard work gives satisfying result.
  20. Having a habit of drinking herbal drink can cause us stay healthy.

 Task Two

                Past Participle

Underline the Past Participle, then tell the meaning of it!

  1. We have bought much food for dinner.
  2. I like the chocolate coated biscuits.
  3. His motorcycle has been modified twice.
  4. The juries were not satisfied to our explanation.
  5. The bridge built around 1780 has still stood firmly.
  6. Protected by the magical armor, he was safe during the war.
  7. Although they have been reminded to return the borrowed books, they still ignore it.
  8. It is agreed that this slope must be replanted by the hard wood trees.
  9. The accused man will be sent to jail if the proofs told to the judge are reliable.
  10. The next step is that the butter mixed chocolate is added to the mixture of the flour.
  11. Hunted for its lever, these fish become rare.
  12. The chosen panda to be the dragon warrior is being trained by shiffu.
  13. The tribes in the isolated region are believed to have a deadly weapon.
  14. I have repeated this game twice, but I haven’t understood how to beat the enemies.
  15. Painted colorfully, the room becomes the favorite for the children.

Task Three

Coordinators : and, or, so, yet

Fill in the blank with and, but, or, so, yet!

  1. We couldn’t win in this competition, ______ we will try it again next year.
  2. These symbols are confusing, ______ we are still able to decipher them through their history.
  3. The two women have joined us for six months, ______they still they still cannot get along with us well.
  4. You may take a rest here, ______ you may take a walk around the garden.
  5. This company offers me to follow the internship program, ______ my lecture support me to take it.
  6. The King had booked two hotels for his family and relatives, ______ he cancelled it because of his problem in his country.
  7. The judge couldn’t find the strong evidences to punish Mr. Tuki, ______ he finally decided to send him to the jail.
  8. The sun is shinning brightly, ______ the visitors can enjoy the glittering water in the river on the slope of the mountain.
  9. This house is very luxurious, ______ it is too quiet to be a home.
  10. The visitors may process the coffee themselves, ______ they can just enjoy the various tastes of the coffee.
  11. One of the racers fell from his motorcycle, ______ he could get the finish line.
  12. It is rude to intervene other’s family problem in this village, ______ the people don’t care about the violence in a family.
  13. Some parents have agreed to cooperate with the school in educating their children, ______ they have consented some programs.
  14. The schools are allowed to have outing class programs, ______ they may have a kind of workshop on arts.
  15. Hospitality has been one of the Indonesian characters, ______ they lose it at present.

Task Four

                Adjective Clause

 Fill in the blank with the correct relative pronoun!

  1. Will you tell me the medicine ______ can cure itchy due to a certain allergy.
  2. She won’t answer the message ______ sender is unknown.
  3. The people ______ family members were included on the manifest were shocked when they knew that their plane crashed a mountain.
  4. She leaves me a big question ______ she quitted from her job.
  5. The period ______ religions were opposed to one another was called a doom day.
  6. My father never believes to the salesman ______ talks nonsense.
  7. You should visit Japan on the Spring ______ various kinds of flowers are blooming beautifully.
  8. Your book, ______ you wrote last year, is really inspiring.
  9. Have you ever visited the waterfalls ______ water is glimmering because of the sunshine.
  10. I never want to enter a house ______ is rarely developed.
  11. Will you suggest the place ______ we can find a merchandise or snacks for a gift.
  12. The American Ninja Warrior ______ is able to go to final must have a strong body and mentality.
  13. The badminton player ______ we are going to interview has won the Tomas Cup Championship twice.
  14. The government has decided the time ______ they are going to hold the presidential election.
  15. The super model ______ the UNESCO chose to be the education ambassador is a psychiatrist.

Task Five

                Noun Clause

 State whether each sentence below has the correct Noun Clause or not!

  1. He doesn’t want to spend whatever he has gained for useless things.
  2. Who does survive in these hard games will be sent to America to follow the similar games.
  3. I am proud of the Indonesian army because of what they did to the hostages.
  4. The leader states what he won’t fire the employees but guide them to be better.
  5. The rule is that no one is allowed to bring food into the room.
  6. How many will people  attend this interesting seminar can be predicted.
  7. I wish he knew how deep is my love  for him.
  8. We are really sorry for what did we said.
  9. What I am dreaming is that English becomes the second languages in this country as Malaysia does.
  10. The child’s common question is how did he come out of his mother’s stomach.
  11. They cannot explain why they made hoaxes in the social media.
  12. I will learn on this new technology to who you have employed for more than 5 years.
  13. The manager hasn’t consented to when is the psychology test  going to be held.
  14. Please, search for whose fingers were on that dead body.
  15. His wish is that he could build a library for those poor children.

Task Six

                Adverbial Clause

 Complete the sentences below!

  1. The participants look sleepy in as much as …
  2. The leader couldn’t accept the reason although …
  3. The scholarship isn’t easy to get for …
  4. The trip won’t cost too much unless…
  5. The fruity candies produced by home industries are so tasteful that …
  6. Indonesian movies have entered the international festival since …
  7. The president should pay more attention on the education of the young generation so that …
  8. Dust is considered to be one of the allergen where as …
  9. Our team will be the best provided …
  10. The conversation is being ed to the discussing of the political topic because …
  11. Every one is showing their talent in that …
  12. It is so difficult to review an English book whose words are strange for me that …
  13. The climbers stayed at the mountain until …
  14. The biggest storm destroyed the houses so terribly that …
  15. The competition will run well in case …
  16. We are trying to answer the answer when …
  17. Please, stand by me in order that …
  18. It’s easy to take a picture on children while …
  19. She loves her house as …
  20. My experience isn’t related to the historical journey now that …

REVIEW

Choose the correct answer!

  1. The president didn’t want to meet her people, … she gave them many gifts. (A. yet;  B.  and;   C.  or;   D.  but)
  1. Mind your own business … you don’t want to get a trouble with them.  (A.that;  B.    where;   C.  if;   D.  unless)
  1. … , those children don’t pay attention on what he teacher is saying.  (A.The focus on their gadget;   B.    The gadget focusing;   C.   To Focus on their gadget;   D. Focusing on their gadget)
  1. The two boys have been playing the on line game ….  (A. I arrived three hours ago;   B.  since I arrived three hours ago;   C.  when I was arriving three hours ago;   D.  I was  arriving three hours ago)
  1. Rian gets used to sleeping late ….  (A. doing his job;   B.  to doing his job;   C.done his job;    D.  because doing his job)
  1. …, the “Garuda”, the mystical bird, may not be used informally.  (A. To choose as the symbol of our country;   B.    The symbol of our country;   C.Choosing as the symbol of our country;   D. Chosen as the symbol of our country)
  1. That child is talking on the toy phone seriously … he were talking to someone.  (A.  As if ;   B.   for;   C.  Unless;    D.  in order that)
  1. Woman is easily influenced by hoaxes …  (A.  Sending to her gadget;    B.  to send to her gadget;   C. sent to her gadget;    D.  to her gadget)
  1. The troops could attack the terrorists through the air, …their base camp through the secret route.  (A. or they entered;    B.  they entered;   C.entering;  D.  and enter)
  1. The delivered stuff will be sent back … they aren’t suitable to the ordered ones.  (A. because;    B.  although;  C. so that;     D. before)
  1. There are still many expired food and drinks in the super mall, … the thing before buying it.  (A. people must check;   B.   so people must check;   C.if people must check;     D.  must check)
  1. My best friend often opposes to … or do.  (A. I suggest;    B.  suggest;   C.suggestion;     D.  what I suggest)
  1. There will be an explanation of the reason … their salary yet.  (A. why they haven’t got;   B. they haven’t got;   C. having gotten;    D.  to have gotten)
  1. Some wealthy football clubs … thousand dollars to buy a new player are protested by their fans.  (A. often send;    B.  often sending;    C.  which often send;     D.  which often sending)
  1. … of the marine life, I praise the Lord for His wonderful creation.  (A. To enjoy the beauty;   B. Enjoying the beauty;   C.  Enjoyed the beauty;     D. To enjoying the beauty)
  1. You had better prepare yourself well … in case there are many questions about this material.  (A. before to speak;   B.  before speaking;   C. after to speak ;     D. after speaking)
  1. Those children are planting the seeds … the teacher guides.  (A. in that;   B.unless;   C. in order that;   D.  as soon as)
  1. … the members of the parliament force the Ant Corruption Commission to give the record is protested by the people.  (A.  If;   B.  That;  C.  By ;   D. After)
  1. … the children’s favorite in this toy shop.  (A. Speaking dolls are;   B. Dolls are speaking;   C. The speaking dolls are;    D.  The dolls speaking)
  1. The plant eating animals called herbivore … the meat eating animals.  (A.tamer are than;   B. are tamer;  C. tamer than;   D.  are tamer than)

 
Back to Exercises for TOEFL preparation

Chapter One

CHAPTER ONE

SUBJECT AND VERB,  KINDS OF SUBJECT,  OBJECT OF PREPOSITION, APPOSITIVE NOUN

TASK ONE

Pay attention on whether each sentence has a subject and a verb.

State whether each sentence is correct (C) or incorrect (I)!

  1. Every one amused because of the excellent performances.
  2. We have seen the reason.
  3. He was traveling to some countries during the last summer.
  4. By this time tomorrow, will be holding an opening ceremony.
  5. Due to the strong wind, the departure of my flight cancelled.
  6. Mathematics is always frightening for students.
  7. Last night thief in my house.
  8. My happiness to serve you
  9. We feel it safe to bike in this city.
  10. There is a lot o f information about these wonderful tourist destinations.
  11. The guests have in the hall for an hour.
  12. His statement doesn’t influence our work.
  13. The people discussing about the new leader.
  14. Every day takes a walk with his dog.
  15. The teacher’s advice can change her mind.
  16. The temperature hotter and hotter.
  17. The attractions by the Japanese are being shown now.
  18. Left their home in the early morning tomorrow.
  19. A super-mall is gong to built in this town.
  20. They have succeeded in holding an auction for charity.

TASK TWO

There are four kinds of subjects :

Noun Phrase (NP), Pronoun (P), Gerund (G), and Noun Clause (NC).

Underline the subject ,then state whether the subject is Noun Phrase (NP), Pronoun (P), Gerund (G), or  Noun Clause (NC)!

  1. His talent brings him to a lot of countries.
  2. Serving customers warmly must become a priority.
  3. That they will meet the President himself hasn’t been decided yet.
  4. They spoke about humanity and human rights.
  5. How good the news is depends on the journalists’ credibility.
  6. The journey to Mecca on foot by a man from Pekalongan amazed the people in the world.
  7. Staring at the stars while sitting on the beach satisfies his soul.
  8. The wildness of the world should be faced by much knowledge and a strong will.
  9. Being humble is rarely found among the authorities.
  10. He doesn’t want to admit his weaknesses.
  11. We were invited to speak in the national congress on the youth entrepreneurship.
  12. Why the activities of terrorists cannot be detected and prevented easily becomes the President’s great concern.
  13. Gaining as much money as possible leads the people to do crimes, including corruption.
  14. She says that she is going to gather good people to save the nature.
  15. The leader’s decision on the budget recovery is final.
  16. Educating is not a matter of transferring knowledge.
  17. Who will win in this contest is difficultly decided,
  18. The stage manager is controlling the performers efficiently.
  19. I am reminded to control my anger with the uncontrolled children.
  20. What will be left in their mind is your kindness.

TASK THREE

Beware to the object of preposition!

 State whether each sentence is correct (C)or incorrect (I).

  1. In the classrooms were left yesterday.
  2. After the ceremony, they had a small feast to celebrate their graduation.
  3. In the cupboard at the corner of the room my pencil box.
  4. The evergreen trees in the slope of the mountain at the north of this town.
  5. What you are looking for is in this mall.
  6. The audience in the concert gave an ovation standing in a long applause.
  7. Interested in the research on nano technology.
  8. The animals in the zoo at the center of this town from many countries.
  9. He is disguising in the cost- play festival.
  10. The contestants in this contest good at acting the challenging characters.
  11. Speaking to the public must be done communicatively.
  12. Later, at the third day of the Christmas holiday, there will be many gifts for the children.
  13. By the next two years in the region near the canyon.
  14. At the to of the tree in the school yard is found.
  15. We sang with the best choir in this city.
  16. The songs in her third albums are the people’s favorite.
  17. The great explosion at the mall in the suite complex caused a great shock.
  18. The journey to the dark by the companions of the great ring bearer was perilous.
  19. In the heavy rain feels cold.
  20. Living with the wilds for more than 10 years in the dense jungle.

 

TASK FOUR

Appositive is the noun added to explain the other noun.

Example :Jakarta, the Capital City of Indonesia, becomes more and more crowded.

Fill in the  blank with the appropriate appositive!

  1. ….., Mr. Ahmadian is looking for the children with a special talent.
  2. We still cannot find the fastest route to Surabaya, ….
  3. The coconut trees, ….. , are abundantly found a long the road to the beach.
  4. The red color, …, dominates the atmosphere of this restaurant.
  5. …, squirrel hibernate during the winter.
  6. Fishermen are much helped by dolphins, …
  7. People are amazed to …, the picture of “Mysterious Smile”.
  8. Arthur Conan Doyle, …, was successful in arising people’s curiosity when reading his novels.
  9. Shizuka, …, represents the clever girl with a kind heart.
  10. The founder of the biggest company, …, stated that his employees had to be creative and innovative.
  11. People in the world know Bali, …, more than Indonesia.
  12. On our independence day, …, people only focus on the celebration without understanding its value.
  13. The nearest planet from the Earth, …, has similar geographical features to ours.
  14. Chinese, …, has become the major subject in many high schools in the world.
  15. …, the carnivore plants, trap the insects to enter the flower by its smell.
  16. The everlasting cartoon movie from japan, …, educates parents not to spoil their children by giving everything they want.
  17. The novel on magical stories, …, has so successfully screened that many people are awaiting for the next movie.
  18. Drone, …, becomes more and more popular for the journalists.
  19. The most excellent football team, …, has won six championships in this year season.
  20. If many people had the heart of Mother Theresa, …, there won’t be no hunger and poor in the world.

REVIEW

Choose the correct answer!

  1. … keeps our body fit.  (A. Having a regular exercise ;   B. To having a regular exercise;     C. For a regular exercise;   D.  It a regular exercise)
  1. … , Mr. Handoyo, built a nature based in school in the remote region.  (A.Being the owner;    B.  The owner of this company;   C.He;     D.   This company)
  1. There … some riots to protest the new law on handling the corruption. (A.are;   B.  are which;    C. are going to be;     D. going to be)
  1. It … to read the hoaxes in the social media. (A. annoys;   B. is annoying;  C.annoyed;    D.  is annoyed)
  1. … to read makes people easily influenced by hoaxes.  (A. The laziness;   B.Lazy;    C. To lazy;    D.  It’s lazy)
  1. … can speak English well makes Indonesia difficult to compete with other countries.  (A. 50% of Indonesia;   B.   That less than 50% of Indonesia;   C.Less than 50% of Indonesia;  D.  What less than 50% of Indonesia)
  1. He … when someone bullies him.  (A. loses;   B.  loses his temper;  C.  his temper;    D.  never lose)
  1. … , the quitar, is easily learnt by my children.  (A. That the string musical instrument;   B.  That is the string musical instrument;   C.  the string musical instrument;   D.  It is the string musical instrument)
  1. People … by the fire cracker show.   (A. amazing;    B;  are amazing;   C.amazed;    D.  are amazed)
  1. … 45 minutes after eating can vanish the fat found in our food.  (A.Drinking warm water;    B.  To drinking warm water;   C.  Drink warm water;  D.  It is to drink warm water)
  1. … maximally is the important period the parents must know.  (A. The brain grows;   B. That the brain grows    C.  Growing brain;   D.  When the brain grows)
  1. At the factory near my home town some dangerous chemicals ….  (A. are producing;   B.  producing;   C. are produced;   D.  produced)
  1. Many Indonesian children don’t know …, Soekarno, was exilled for many years.  (A. our first president;   B. why our first president;   C.  that our first president;   D.  who is)
  1. Some people are trying to change the foundation of our country, ….  (A.Pancasila;   B.  it is Pancasila;    C.  that is Pancasila;   D.  is Pancasila)
  1. The number of some wild animals in the forests of the tropical countries … (A. is decreasing more and more;  B. that is decreasing more and more;   C.decreasing more and more;  D.  which decreases more and more)
  1. The nocturnal animal, …, detects the thing in front of it by its “sharp Eyes”. (A. it is a bat;   B. bat;   C.  is bat;   D.  that bat)
  1. The students’ knowledge on this country ….  (A. is poor;   B.  it is poor;  C.poor;  D.  that is poor)
  1. … , dietary drink, is mostly chosen by women in dieting. (A. It’s Green tea;  B.  Which is Green tea;  C.  Green tea;  D.  That Green tea)
  1. … deadly in this region is being explained by the doctor.  (A. Why the acute scurvy becomes;  B. That the acute scurvy;   C.  The acute scurvy becomes; D.  The acute scurvy)
  1. … , the most favorite transportation nowadays, gives much comfort to the passengers.  (A. That is a train;   B. Train;   C.  Of the train;   D.  It is a train)

Back to Exercises for TOEFL preparation

PASSIVE VOICE

PASSIVE VOICE

General form of passive :

for simple tenses

To be  +  past participle (V3)

 for continuous tenses

to be  +  being + past participle  (V3)

EXAMPLES  of PASSIVE SENTENCES IN DIFFERENT TENSES

 Simple Present

The building is repainted .

Present  Continuous  

The building is being repainted.

Simple  Past  

The building was repainted.

Past  Continuous   

The building was being repainted.

Simple Present Future   

The building will be repainted.

Present Future Continuous 

The building will be being repainted .

Simple Present Perfect 

The building has been repainted.

Present Perfect Continuous

The building has been being repainted.

Simple Past Perfect 

The building had been repainted.

Past Perfect Continuous  

The building had been being repainted.

Simple Past Future 

The building would be repainted.

Past Future Continuous 

The building would be being repainted.

Simple Present Future Perfect 

The building will have been repainted.

Present Future Perfect Continuous

The building will have been being repainted.

Simple Past Future Perfect 

The building would have been repainted.

Past Future Perfect Continuous 

The building would have been being repainted.

Modal Auxiliaries  

The building should be repainted.

The building must be repainted.

 

  1. Passive with BY + AGENT

AGENT is important when the speaker wants  to emphasize  who or what something is done by (the doer). In  most  Passive Voice, however, there is no agent.

e.g.           Her  attitude  shocked me (active)

I  was shocked by her attitude (passive)

Who wrote the information? (active)

Whom was the information written by? (passive)

Look, He has arranged all the books well.

Look,  all the books have been arranged well.

Sometimes, “by”  is not necessary because everybody knows who does it.

 

  1. Passive in verbs with two objects

There are two  possibilities of Passive when certain verb has two objects. (see  the position of Noun in a sentence on chapter five)

e.g.           They  have  already  sent us  the  newest information.  (active)

We  have  already  been sent  the newest information . (passive)

The  newest information  has already been  sent  to  us.   (passive)

 

He bought her a beautiful house   (active)

She was bought a beautiful house    (passive)

A beautiful house was bought for her  (passive)

 

  1. Passive in sentence with Noun Clause

We can use the clause as subject or with “IT” as the introduction.

e.g.           Scientists  has proved that there is also an  aura  surrounding the plants .  (active)

That  there is also an aura surrounding the  plants  has been proved (by scientist)   (passive)

It has been proved (by scientists) that there is also an aura surrounding the plants  (passive)

 

No body knows where she has gone   (active)

Where she has gone is not known    (passive)

It is not known where she has gone  (passive)

 

  1. Passive in Verb + Object + Infinitive construction

e.g.           He asked me not to cover the whole things in the conference . (active)

I was asked not to cover the whole things in the conference.  (passive)

The headmaster generally allows us to follow any  competition.  (active)

We  are generally allowed to follow any competition by the headmaster. (Passive)

 

There are some verbs that can’t be converted into passive : like, want, wish, prefer.

 

  1. Passive in Verb + preposition + Object combination

he preposition will remain after the verb.

e.g.           We must write to him   (active)

He must be written to  (passive)

 

You can play with these cubs quite safely  (active)

These cubs can be played with quite safely (passive)

 

GRAMMAR

REPORTED SPEECH

REPORTED SPEECH

 THE GENERAL FORM OF :

                    Direct Speech                 :               She said,” I am confused.”

Reported Speech          :               She said that she was confused.

(* Reported speech is a sentence with Noun Clause)

 

  1. REPORTED SPEECH can be called as INDIRECT SPEECH

The  conversion of  Direct Speech into Indirect Speech needs  some grammatical changes :

2.1.      When  the main verb is in Simple Present, Simple Present Future  or Simple Present  Perfect, there’s no change in tense for  the  sentence between quotation marks (“…”).

e.g.           She says,” I have given him the reasons.”

She says that she has given him the reasons.

 

She will ask,” Am I wonderful ?”

She will ask if she is wonderful.

 

She has told,” I didn’t recognize him last night.”

She  has told that she didn’t recognize him the  night before.

 

* Indirect  Speech is introduced by a verb in present tense  when we are :

  1. reporting a conversation that is still going on
  2. reading a letter and reporting what it says
  3. reading instructions and reporting them

 

2.2.      On the other hand, there is a  change in tense when the main verb is in the Past.

Here are the changes :

Direct   Speech                                                             Indirect  Speech

 

Simple  Present                                                             Simple  past

He explained, “ I never eat meat. “                     He explained that he  never ate

meat.

 Present  Continuous                                                   Past  Continuous

He said, ‘ I am waiting for my son.”                      He said that he was waiting

for his son.

Simple  Past                                                                   Simple Past Perfect

He stated, “ The people knew                               He stated that the people had

it well”                                                                             known it well.

Past  Continuous                                                         Past  Perfect  Continuous

He told, “ My director was having                        He told that his director had

a meeting.”                                                                      been having a meeting.

Simple Present  Perfect                                                  Simple Past Perfect

He exclaimed, “ I have mastered                          He exclaimed that he had

the language.”                                                               mastered the language.

Present  Perfect  Continuous                                  Past  Perfect  Continuous

He said, “ I have been waiting for                         He said he had been waiting

ages.”                                                                                 for ages.

Simple Past Perfect                                                      Simple Past Perfect

He told me,” You had hurt her”                             He told me that I had hurt her.

Past Perfect  Continuous                                          Past Perfect  Continuous

He said,” We had been taking this                       He said that they had been

course for a year.”                                                       taking the course for a year.

Simple Present  Future                                              Simple Past Future

He told,” The guest will come. “                            He told that the guest would

come.

 Present  Future  Continuous                                   Past  Future  Continuous

He told,” We will be having                                     He told that they would be

a long journey next month. “                                 having a long journey next

month.

Can,  May                                                                           Could,  Might

He said, “ I can finish it on time”                            He said that he could finish it

on time.

He told me, “ You may take it for                          He told me that I was allowed

a long time.”                                                                  to (might)  take it for a long

time.

Might,  Should,  Could,  would                               Might,  Should,  Could,  would

He said, “ You should see                                         He said that I should see a

a doctor. “                                                                        doctor.

He said,” It might be different                               He said that it might be

from yours. “                                                                  different from mine.

He said,” They couldn’t find                                    He said that they couldn’t find

the answer.”                                                                    the answer.

He said,” I would visit this place. “                         He said that he would visit

the place.

Must (necessary at present)                                   Had to

He told,” They must be careful “                           He told that they  had to be careful

 Must ( necessary at future)                                    Would have to

He told,” You must hand in your                           He told that I would have to

work tomorrow.”                                                          hand in my work the day after.

       

  1. Statement sentence in Direct Speech

 3.1.      If the sentence between the  quotations is A STATEMENT (  in affirmative or negative ), the conjunction  for the indirect one is THAT.

e.g.           See the examples on point 2.2 !

In  written English, past tenses usually change to past  perfect ones, but there are the following exceptions  :

3.2.            Past / past continuous used in time clauses

e.g.           He  said,  “  When I was living in  St.  Agustin,  I visited the art gallery many times.”

He  said that when he was living in St. Agustin,  he visited the art gallery many times. / had visited the art gallery many times.

3.3.      The advice form ‘IF I WERE YOU, I SHOULD/WOULD …

3.4.      Conditional  sentences  type  2 and  3  ( See  CONDITIONAL SENTENCES)

e.g.          Andrew said, “If my children were older, I would  move to another town.”

Andrew said that if his children were older, he  would move to another town.

3.5.            Must in interrogative usually becomes had to.

e.g.          He asked Desi,” Must you take this course ?”

He asked Desi if she had to take the course.

3.6.         Could with a past meaning :

“ permission “ can be the same or change to “ was / were allowed to infinitive”.

e.g.          He  said, “ I couldn’t go  by  myself  when  I  was  a child.”

He  said that he couldn’t / was not allowed to  go  by himself when he was a child.

“ ability “ can be unchanged or become “ had been able to”.

e.g.           He exclaimed, “I could read well when I was three.”

He  exclaimed  that he could / had been able  to  read well when he was three.

 

  1. The interrogative (question) sentence in Direct Speech

4.1.      If the sentence in quotation is in question with auxiliaries. (Yes/No question), whether  or if  becomes the conjunction for  the Indirect Speech.

e.g.           She asks, “Have you told him about our certificate?”

She  asks whether I have told him about  our  certificate.

 

She asked, “Are you satisfied?”

She wanted to know if I was satisfied.

*  Note for whether :

4.1.1.        It can emphasize a choice :

e.g.          He asked, “ Do you want to go by air or sea?”

He asked whether I wanted to go by air or sea.

 

He  asked, “ Do you need  to insure your  jewelry or not? “

He  asked  me  whether or not I needed  to  insure  my jewelry.

He asked if I needed to insure my jewelry or not.

4.1.2.   It   is used when the Direct Question  contains a  Conditional Clause.

e.g.          He wondered, “Will you move to Surabaya if you  get  a job there?”

He wondered whether I would move to Surabaya if  I  got a job there.

 

4.2.      When  the Direct Questions begin with question  words (e.g. what where, who),  they function as the conjunctions.

e.g.           She asked,” Where do you live?”

She asked where I lived.

 

The teacher asked, ”What are you looking at?”

The teacher asked what I was looking at.

4.2.1    Asking   for  an advice / instruction which  uses  SHALL  is usually reported by should.

e.g.           The  porter  asked, “ Shall I send it  to  your  room, Madam?”

The porter asked if he should send it to her room.

 

Ani asked, “What shall I say to him, mother?”

Ani asked her mother what she should say to him.

 

  1. To infinitive construction in Indirect Speech

5.1.      Indirect command, request, and advice use this structure :

main  verb  of command / request / advice + Object  +  to infinitive.

The main verbs that are used for this pattern are : advise,   ask,  beg,  command,   encourage, forbid,  invite, order, recommend,  remind, request, urge, warn.

e.g.           She said, “You had better hurry, Bill?”

She advised Bill to hurry.

 

She said, “If I were you, I should leave a message for him.”

She advised her friend to  leave a message for him.

 

She said, ”Would you like to give me a hand, please?”

She asked me to give her a hand.

 

She said, “ Sit down near the pool, won’t you?”

She invited us to sit down near the pool.

 

5.2.      Negative  command / request or advice can be reported  in this  construction  :

S + main verb of command / request or advice  + object +  not  +  to infinitive.

e.g.           His wife said, “Please, don’t take any risk!”

His wife begged him not to take any risk.

 

He said, “Don’t forget to write down your name!”

He reminded us to write down our name.

 

He said, “Don’t be afraid. Try again! “

He encouraged him to try again.

 

He said, “Don’t leave the house unlocked!”

He warned us not to leave the house unlocked.

 

Her  mother said, “Forget all about this young  man and don’t see him again or answer his letter! “

Her  mother  advised her to forget  all  about  the young  man  and  forbade her to see  him  again  or answer his letter.

 

5.3.      Agreement, offer, refusal, promise and threat are reported in this construction :

Agree / Refuse / Offer / Promise / Threaten + to infinitive construction.

e.g.           She asked, “Shall I bring you some tea?”

She offered to bring me some tea.

 

She asked, “Would you like a drink?”

She offered me a drink =  She asked me if  I would  like a drink.

 

She said, “No, I won’t lend you any more money!”

She refused to lend me any /some more money.

 

She said,” Don’t worry, I will return it by Monday!”

She promised to return it by Monday.

 

He  said,” We will broadcast it through television  if  you do not cooperate with us.”

He  threatened to broadcast it through  television  if  the state employees didn’t cooperate with them.

 

Desi    :               Would you mind driving me home?

Dito     :               All right.

Desi asked Dito to drive her home and Budi agreed to.

 

  1. Gerund construction in Indirect Speech

    Admit / Deny / Apologize for / Suggest + gerund construction

e.g.           Desi    : Did you take my work?

Dito     : Yes, I did because of my recklessness.

Desi asked if Dito had taken her work and he admitted taking it because of his recklessness.

 

She said,” I’m sorry that I have hurt you!”

She apologized for having hurt me.

 

She said, “Shall we have a rest for a moment?”

She suggested having a rest for a moment.

 

  1. From Direct Speech with LET’S and LET.

7.1.            Let’s (suggestion)

e.g.           She said, “Let’s go on to the next part!”

She suggested going on to the next part   or  She suggested that we should go on to the next part.

He said, “Let’s not use this formula!”

He suggested not using the formula    or   He suggested that we shouldn’t use the formula.

7.2.            Let him / her / them…etc. (Ask for permission)

e.g.           She said to Risang, “Let her join our club!”

She asked Risang to let her join their club.

 

  1. Exclamation and Yes/No answer

8.1.            Exclamation ( *It is adjusted with the meaning, so everyone may use their creativity and ability in making sentences to change it).

e.g.           He said,” Welcome!”

He welcomed us.

 

He screamed,” Oh….my goodness, I don’t believe it!”

He was surprised and told that he didn’t believe it.

 

He said,  “ May a wonderful joy  always  be  in  your life!”

He wished  me to always have a wonderful  joy  in  my life.

 

8.2.      YES  /  NO answer is expressed by Subject  +  appropriate auxiliaries.

e.g.           Dito     : Can you swim?

Desi    : No

Dito  asked if Desi could swim and Desi answered  that she couldn’t.

 

Dito : Have you looked up those words in the  dictionary?

Desi : Yes, of course.

Dito wanted to know whether Desi had looked them up in the dictionary and Desi said that she had.

 

  1. Other necessary   changes when we convert  Direct  Speech into Indirect Speech

9.1.      Pronouns will  change in accordance to the meaning of  the  sentence.

e.g.           “I forget the combination of my safe”, he said.

He said that he forgot the combination of his safe.

 

“Desi, you have overcooked the steak”, mother said.

Mother said to Desi that she had overcooked the steak.

 

9.2.            The adverbial phrases of time will change as follows :

Direct  Speech                                              Indirect  Speech

now                                                                   = then

today                                                                = that day

yesterday                                                       = the day before  /  the previous day

the day before yesterday                        = two days before

a year ago, two months ago, etc.          = a year or two months before

tomorrow                                                       = the next day / the following day / the day after

the day after tomorrow                            = in two days time / the next two days /

the following two days /

two days after

next week, next year, etc.                      = the following week / year

 

e.g.           “I will do it tomorrow “, he promised.

He promised to do it the day after.

 

But  if  the speech is reported on the same  day,  the  time changes are not necessary.

e.g.           At   breakfast  this morning he said, “I will  be  very busy today.”

At   breakfast  this morning he said that he would  be very busy today.

 

A logical adjustment is necessary when the  speech  is reported in one or more days after it is made.

e.g.           (On Sunday)            He said, “I will leave tomorrow.”

(On Sunday)            He said that he would leave tomorrow.

(On Monday)          He said that he would leave today.

(On Tuesday)          He said that he would leave yesterday.

(On Wednesday)   He  said that he would  leave  two  days before.

 

9.3.            Some changes of the word THIS :

     This in time expression becomes that.

e.g.           He said, “He will stay here this week.”

He said that he would stay here that week.

 

     This changes to the if it is used as adjective.

e.g.           He said, “I like this/these pearl (s) for my wife.”

He said that he liked the pearl (s) for his wife.

 

      This  /  these becomes it / they / them if it  functions  as pronoun.

e.g.           He asked, “Where did you find these ?”

He asked where I had found them.

 

We use an appropriate phrase if  this / these is used to  indicate choice or distinguish something from others.

e.g.           Desi : Which will you have ?

Dito : This one.

Desi  wanted  to  know which Dito would  have  and  he answered  that he would the one near him / the one  in his hand / the red one…etc.

 

9.4.            Here can become there or unchanged.

e.g.           We  met at the park and he said,” I will be here  again next week.”

We met at the park and he told that he would be  there the following week.

 

Our family was enjoying the scenery when I ran into my old friend. Then he asked me, “ What are you here for ?” After that, I told it to my father,” Dad, I have  just run into my old friend and he asked what we were  here for.”

Some examples for the combination of those changes :

  1. “I don’t know the way. Do you know it?”

He said that he didn’t know the way and asked me if I knew it.

  1. “Wear a coat. It is very cold outside.”

He advised me to wear a coat because it was very cold outside.

  1. “Are you hungry? Let’s find a restaurant near here.”

He  wanted to know whether we were hungry and  then  suggested finding a restaurant near here.

  1. Desi :  Oh…, how can you do that?

Ditto     : It  is easy. I just put this ink on the piece of paper and then blow it.

Desi    :  Can I try it ?

Ditto : Yes

Desi  was wondered  and  asked  how Ditto could do  that.  Ditto answered that it was easy and then explained that he just  put the ink on the piece of paper and then blew it. Desi asked him if she could try it and he said that she could.

  1. Ditto told  Desi  that  there  had been a very terrible accident  in  front of his house the previous day. Desi  was  surprised  and asked how the persons had been. He explained  that two of them had   died and the police had taken the others to hospital. Desi felt terrible and asked Ditto not to keep  on the story.

Ditto      :     There was a very terrible accident in front of my house yesterday.

Desi       :     Oh..my GOD ! How were the persons?

Ditto      :     Two of them died and the police took the others  to hospital.

Desi       :     Oh..no ! Please, don’t keep on this story?

 

GRAMMAR

CLAUSES

CLAUSES
1. ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

1.1.         DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

RELATIVE PRONOUNS

SUBJECT OBJECT POSSESSIVE
Person who

that

 who* / whom

that

 whose

 
Thing which

that

 which

that

 whose

of which

*who as object is commonly used in informal speaking.

We use Relative Pronoun as conjunctions.

1.1.1.        PERSON

1.1.1.1      Subject ( * The subject of the clause ) : WHO

e.g.           The police have arrested the man.

                    He robbed some banks in our city.

The combination of the two sentences is :

The  police have arrested the man who robbed some  banks in our city.

 

The girl is very intelligent.

She wants to continue her study abroad.

The combination is  :

The girl who wants to continue her study abroad is  very intelligent.

* What is underlined is  called “Adjective Clause” as it explains the noun.

1.1.1.2. Object  of  a verb :  WHOM (in formal uses), WHO (used in conversation)

( * We can omit the relative pronoun  )

e.g.           The man is learning a weather map seriously.

We want to meet him.

The combination is :

The  man whom we want to meet is learning a weather  map seriously. ( = The man we want to meet is learning a weather map  seriously.)

Mr. Andi, the director of this company will meet the men.

He has employed them for five years.

The combination is :

      Mr. Andi, the director of this company will meet the men whom he has employed for five years. ( =  Mr. Andi, the director of this company will meet the men he has employed for five years.)

1.1.1.3. Object of preposition : WHOM

e.g.          The man is the richest in this town.

I spoke to him yesterday.

The combination is :

The man whom I spoke to yesterday is the richest in this town.  (= The man to whom I spoke yesterday is the richest in this town. = The  man   I spoke to yesterday is the richest  in  this town.)

 

We don’t trust the salesman.

We bought these goods from him.

The combination is :

We  don’t trust the salesman whom we bought these  goods from. ( = We  don’t trust the salesman from whom we  bought  these goods =We don’t trust the salesman  we bought these goods from.)

1.1.1.4.    Possessive : WHOSE

e.g.           The people must pay a high tax.

The people’s salaries are more than fifty millions a year.

The combination is :

The people  whose  salaries are more than fifty  millions  a year must pay a high tax.

 

The film is about a spy.

His wife betrays him.

The combination is :

The film is about a spy whose wife betrays him.

 

I know the man.

You borrowed his book.

The combination is :

I know the man whose book you borrowed.

 

1.1.2.        THINGS

1.1.2.1. Subject : WHICH

e.g.           This is the picture.

It caused a great sensation.

The combination is :

This is the picture which caused a great  sensation.

 

The stairs are rather slippery.

They lead to the cellar.

The combination is :

The stairs which lead to the cellar are rather slippery.

1.1.2.2.Object of a verb : WHICH

e.g.          The car broke down after five kilometers.

I hired it.

The combination is :

The car which I hired broke down after five kilometers. ( =  The car  I hired broke down after five kilometers.)

 

We hate the lesson.

Mr. A teaches it.

The combination is :

We hate the lesson which Mr. A teaches. ( = We hate the lesson  Mr. A teaches.)

1.1.2.3.Object of preposition : WHICH

e.g.          The ladder began to slip.

I was standing on it.

The combination is  :

The ladder which I was standing on began to slip. ( =  The ladder on which I was standing  began to slip = The ladder  I was standing on began to slip.)

 

We need a room.

We can sleep in it.

The combination is :

We need a room which we can sleep in. ( = We need a room in which we can sleep =  We need a room  we can sleep in.)

1.1.2.4. We can replace “in/at which (of place )” with “WHERE”.

e.g.           We need a room in which we can sleep.

We need a room which we can sleep in.

We need a room where we can sleep.

 

The  bus  station at which I saw him for  the  first time has been renovated.

The  bus  station which I saw him for  the  first time has been renovated at.

The  bus station where I saw him for the first  time has been renovated.

1.1.2.5. “in/at/on which (of time)” can be replaced by “WHEN”.

e.g.           The  day on which we had a first date was very  wonderful.

The  day which we had a first date was very  wonderful on.

The day when we had a first date was very wonderful.

 

I  can’t remember the year in which I got  the  very terrible accident.

I  can’t remember the year which I got  the  very terrible accident in.

I can’t remember the year when I got the very terrible accident.

1.1.2.6.    “WHY” can replace “for which”

e.g.           The  reason  for which they cancel the game  can  be understood.

The  reason why they cancel the game can  be  understood.

1.1.2.7.    Possessive : WHOSE

e.g.           Living in a special house will be horrible.

Its walls are made of glass.

The combination is :

Living in a special house whose walls are made of  glass will be horrible.

 

1.2.            NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSE

RELATIVE PRONOUNS

Non-defining  relative clauses are placed before nouns which  are definite  already.  Therefore, they do not define the  nouns  but  add  some  information only.  Unlike defining  clauses, they can be omitted without causing  confusion and  are separated from their nouns by commas. “THAT” cannot  be used  in this construction and object relative pronouns can’t  be left out.

1.2.1.        Persons

1.2.1.1. subject : WHO

e.g.      –     Gita,  who  is  the most cute child in  my  family,  is trying to stand by herself.

-I  need to talk to my manager, who gave a list of  some recommendations.

 

1.2.1.2. object of a verb : WHO, WHOM

e.g.      –     My brother, whom my best friend loves, becomes a  chief of International Engineer Organization.

-Everyone suspected Joe, whom they saw inside that room.

1.2.1.3. object of a preposition : WHOM

e.g.      –     Mr. T, with whom I have an experiment, is very intelligent.

-Don’t you know her sister, to whom we gave our report ?

1.2.1.4. possessive : WHOSE

e.g.       –    Ditto, whose club won the Mathematics competition, has a certain project for teenagers.

-Would  you like to inform Mr Andre, whose firm  is  the biggest in our region?

 

1.2.2.        Things

1.2.2.1. subject : WHICH

e.g.       –    My dog, which fell from the fence yesterday, is getting better now.

-Look at this book, which has interesting cover!

1.2.2.2. object of a verb : WHICH

e.g.      –     These  data, which we found in his shelf, are not  complete.

-Tell me about your new piano, which your father gave on your birthday!

1.2.2.3.  object of preposition : WHICH

e.g.      –     This  pipe,  through  which the  gas  passes,  is  safe enough.

-Everyone knows Bali, in which we can enjoy some beautiful panorama.

1.2.2.4. possessive : WHOSE

e.g.      –     His house, whose garden is very impressing, was visited by some artists yesterday.

-We prefer this machine, whose speed is amazing.

 

  1. N O U N C L A U S E

The conjunctions that  are used for connecting the main clause and the  sub clause are :that  and  all of wh-questions such as, who, where, which, etc.

The positions of  Noun Clause in a sentence are :

2.1.            as subject

e.g.        –   That  she could win the first prize in that  competition makes everyone surprised.

-What I wrote contains many mistakes.

2.2.            as object of a verb

e.g.        –   Oh  …  My God! I forget that I have to  call  him  up before dinner.

-Don’t you know who has just met your parents?

  • Some verbs which can be followed by “that clause” are:

admit, agree, be afraid, be anxious, believe, confess, declare, decide,  expect,  fear, feel, forget,  guarantee,  hear,  hope, imagine,  inform, insist, know, mean, promise, prove,  realize, suggest, think, wish.

2.3.            as object of a preposition

e.g.       –    Listen! The headmaster has agreed to what we planned.

-The government asks about where the money has gone.

2.4.            as complement of to be

e.g.      –    My  question  is whose car is parking in  front  of  our gate.

-The  problem is that no one will be able to  follow  the increasing of prices.

 

  1. ADVERBIAL CLAUSES

3.1.            Adverb clause of time

The conjunctions are after, as soon as , when,  while,  until,  before, since, whenever.

e.g.      –     He will tell us about the result of the meeting when  he arrives.

-He went to bed after he had finished his work.

-They  had  fixed the car before they  started  on  their vacation.

-He won’t take a rest until he gets tired.

-Her child was crying while she was talking on the phone. (simultaneous actions)

-She  cut her finger while she was preparing the  dinner. (interrupted action)

-I have looked at a lot of apartments since I moved here in March.

-I’ll send you a cable as soon as I arrive there.

-We are ready to welcome you whenever you intend to  stay here.

 

3.2.            Adverb clause of reason

The conjunctions are because, as, since, for

e.g.         –  She doesn’t like oysters because they make her sick.

-As / Since they have heard so much about him, they  want to meet him now.

-They came indoors for it started to rain.

 

3.3.            Adverb clause of concession

The conjunctions are although, though, even  though, even if

e.g.    –      I couldn’t get a taxi although I was in a hurry.

-Even  though  he always studies hard, he isn’t  able  to understand trigonometry.

-I’ll eat my dessert even if it makes me fat.

 

3.4.            Adverb clause of purpose

The conjunctions are so that,  in order that

e.g.       –    The notices are written in several languages so that  foreign tourists can understand them.

-We  should read much in order that we are able to  catch up with the information of the new technology.

 

3.5.            Adverb clause of place

The conjunctions are where, wherever

e.g.       –    We will find him wherever he goes.

-We  have  decided  to have a meeting where  no  one  can disturb us.

 

3.6.            Adverb clause of condition

The conjunctions are if, unless, on condition that

e.g.         –  We  will leave for Surabaya today if they have  finished checking all of the data.

-He will get sick again unless he gets a lot of sleep  =   He will get sick again if he does not get a  lot  of  sleep.

-We  may have fun outdoors on condition that  the  rain stops.

 

3.7.            Adverb clause of manner

The conjunctions are as, as if

e.g.      –     You should do it well as your director ordered.

-Look  at those boys! They are running as if there were  a dog running after them.

 

3.8.            Adverb clause of comparison

The conjunctions are  as … as,  than

e.g.         –  He slept as soundly as the baby does.

-His  explanation is more understandable than I  listened from the television.

 

3.9.            Adverb clause of result

The conjunctions are so … that, such … that, so

e.g.        –   This  baggage is so heavy that I can’t carry it  by  myself.

-The host welcomed us so warmly that we felt  comfortable to stay there.

-It was such a huge crowd that I got lost yesterday.

-I  do  not feel well, so I want to go home  and  take  a rest.

 

 

GRAMMAR

DEGREES OF COMPARISON

DEGREES of COMPARISON

ADJECTIVES

REGULAR FORM :

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
One  syllable

Tall

great

 taller

greater

 tallest

greatest
Two syllables which end with, –ow, -y, -er

narrow

happy

clever

 narrower or more narrow

happier or more happy

cleverer or more clever

 narrowest or most narrow

happiest o most happy

cleverest or most clever
Other two syllables

Serious

famous

 more serious

more famous

 most serious

most famous
more than two syllables

Accurate

comfortable

 more accurate

more comfortable

 most accurate

most comfortable

IRREGULAR FORM

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
Good

Well

Bad

much/many

little

far

 Better

Better

Worse

more

less

farther / further

 Best

–

Worst

Most

Least

Farthest / furthest

1.1.           THE CONSTRUCTIONS OF COMPARISONS

1.1.1.   For the same degree in two persons and things, the construction is :

 S + to be / linking verb + as  +  positive adjective  +  as + noun (phrase).

 e.g.     These machines are as genuine as those ones.

His brother is as friendly as my brother.

1.1.2.        For the same degree in one person or thing, the construction is :       

 S + to be / linking verb + as + positive adjective + as + adj. /  sentence

e.g.           She is as intelligent as she is beautiful.

The questions are as long as confusing.

1.1.3.  For the Comparison of a greater degree in two persons/things, the construction is :             

 S + to be / linking verb  + comparative form + than + noun (phrase) / sentence.

e.g.           She is richer than I am / me.

1.1.4.  For the Comparison of a greater degree in one person / one thing, the construction is :

  S + to be/ linking verb + comparative form + than + adj. / sentence

e.g.           She is more smart than beautiful. (For one syllable, this form is more common than this “She is smarter than beautiful.”)

This  dictionary is more important than it is  expensive.

The workers are more skillful than diligent.

1.1.5.   For the comparison of a less degree in two persons / things, the construction is  :              

        S + to be / linking verb + comparative form + than + noun (phrase) / sentence   

        S + to be / linking verb + not so / as + positive adj.  + as noun (phrase)

 * less is used to show the less degree in more than one syllable

e.g.          I am less interested in sport than her.

They were less enthusiastic than we expected.

This  tree  is not so / as old as the one  near  that park.

Mr. Anton is not so / as kind as Mr. Totok is.

1.1.6.   to express the idea of continuing change, we use this pattern :

 S + to be / linking verb + comparative and  comparative

 e.g.          The lesson is more and more difficult.

Human being becomes cleverer and cleverer.

1.1.7.   To say that two changes happen together, we use this pattern :

The  comparative + S + to be, The comparative + S + to be

e.g.           The more important the book is, the more expensive it is.

The more diligent you are, the better your mark will be.

1.1.8.        Superlative form uses :

 S + to be / linking verb + the superlative form

e.g.           It is the most tiring work I have ever done.

He is the greatest artist in the world.

Andi is the best.

  1. ADVERB

The general form of adverb is :

Adjective + ly  

  It is used to explain a verb and an adjective.

e.g.      –     The President spoke angrily in his speech yesterday.

            –       Some students were extremely excited when the headmaster allowed them to go home earlier.

   REGULAR FORM :

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
One  syllable   

Hard

High

early

 Harder

Higher

Earlier

 Hardest

Highest

Earliest
Two  or  more  syllables

Quickly

perfectly

 more quickly

more perfectly

 most quickly

most perfectly

IRREGULAR FORM :

2.1.            CONSTRUCTIONS WITH COMPARISONS

  POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
well

badly

much

little

far

 better

worse

more

less

farther / further

 best

worst

most

least

farthest / furthest

The constructions in adverb are, principally, the same as those in adjective. The difference is that adverb explains verbs, so the sentence must be the verbal one.

When  the  same verb is used in the same sentence, an auxiliary is needed to substitute it.

2.1.1.   In the positive form, we use AS … AS with an  affirmative verb and AS / SO … AS with a negative one.

e.g.           He works as slowly as he walks.

He doesn’t snore as/so loudly as you do.

2.1.2.        with the comparative form, we use THAN :

e.g.           Our headmaster always comes earlier than we do.

He run more quickly than the others did.

2.1.3.   To say that two changes happen together, we use this pattern :

              The Comparative + S + Verb, The Comparative  + S + Verb

               The Comparative+ S + Verb, The Comparative  + S +/ to be +  Adj.

e.g.       –    The earlier you start, the sooner you will be back.

–    The more accurately you calculate this, the faster we make the construction.

2.1.4.  to express the idea of continuing change, we use this pattern :

 S + Verb +  Comparative  and  Comparative

e.g.     That man is walking more and more slowly.

It’s amazing. He does it better and better.

2.1.5.        Superlative form

e.g.          I like swimming best. (=  quite)

He wrote the least carefully.

She answered the most perfectly.

Most which is placed before an adjective or adverb and without The can mean VERY.

e.g.          She behaved most /  very generously.

He is most /  very apologetic.

  1. IDENTICAL FORM OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS.

3.1.      There  are  some adjectives that are formed by  adding  -ly  to nouns  which  show a period of time. They are  hourly,  daily, weekly,  fortnightly,  monthly, quarterly, yearly.  These  are also used as adverbs.

e.g.           There is an hourly service of train to Surabaya. (adj.)

The buses run hourly .   (adv.)

We publish the journal in monthly periodicals.  (adj.)

This journal is published monthly.  (adv.)

3.2.      When the suffix -ly is added to nouns such as man, king,  etc. the  words become adjectives. They can not  be  used  as adverbs. They are : brotherly, cowardly, (un) earthly, fatherly, (un)friendly, heavenly, kingly, leisurely, lively, lovely, masterly, motherly, (un)scholarly, womanly.

e.g.           He is the most cowardly of my friends.

The more lively the show is, the more interesting it is.

3.3.      Early, fast, half, long, and straight, are used  both as adjectives and adverbs.

e.g.           We had an early breakfast yesterday.  (adj.)

We should have breakfast earlier tomorrow.  (adv)

She is afraid to go with a fast train.  (adj.)

Don’t speak too fast!  (adv)

She needs  half a dozen of the bowls.  (adj.)

He didn’t half mean it (= he was serious)  (adv)

We have to have a long wait to get the form.  (adj.)

Have you waited for me longer?  (adv)

I want a straight answer of my question.  (adj.)

He came straight from Germany (= the flight had no transit).  (adv.)

3.4.      These adjective words are used as adverbs with and  without the suffix -ly.

3.4.1.   CHEAP  is more common with the verbs BUY and SELL :

e.g.           Do you like this shirt ? I bought it really cheap.

That shopkeeper buys cheap but doesn’t sell cheap.

3.4.2    CLEAN  means “ completely “ or “ absolutely “ and is usually used with preposition over, through and the adverb away and out :

e.g.     –      Sorry, I didn’t come up. I clean forgot it

–       We are afraid we will be clean out of the food before we reach the nearest village.

* Compare to this adverb

CLEANLY   means “ precisely “ and usually used with  the  verb CUT :

e.g.      –     The surgeon cleanly cut through the epidermis.

–       This machine cleanly cuts the wood which will be used for the qualified furniture.

3.4.3.        CLEAR  means “ not touching “ or “ quite “ :

e.g.          Keep clear of the border !

The thieves got clear away (from their pursuers)

* Compare to this adverb

  CLEARLY  has similar meanings to its adjective :

e.g.          I can see them so clearly through it

Do you clearly understand what I mean ?

3.4.4         CLOSE  means “ near “ :

e.g.           Stay closer to me !

Is there a good restaurant close to the beach ?

* Compare to this adverb

CLOSELY  means “ carefully, with great attention “ and “ near” before the past participle :

e.g.           Work on it closely ! It’s very important.

Follow his argument closely !

They are closely related to the murder .

3.4.5    DIRECT   means “ straight, without interrupting or  intermediaries “ :

e.g.           The plane goes direct from London to Houston.

I will communicate direct with them.

* Compare to this adverb

DIRECTLY  means “ at once, without delay or in a short time “:

e.g.           He left directly after breakfast.

Be calm, I’ll go directly there !

3.4.6         EASY  is used only  in a few phrases as follows :

e.g.           Take it easy ! (= relax)

Go easy ! (= not too fast)

Easier said than done.

* Compare to this adverb

EASILY  has similar meaning to its adjective :

e.g.          You will easily imagine it.

He won the race easily.

3.4.7         HIGH  refers to “ height “ :

e.g.           He could climb the most high.

She can jump really high.

* Compare to this adverb

HIGHLY  expresses “ an extreme degree or very much “ :

e.g.          This dance is highly amusing.

I can highly recommend it.

3.4.8         LATE  has the similar meaning to its adjective :

e.g.           Hurry up, I hate arriving late.

She will come later.

* Compare to this adverb of time

LATELY  means “ recently “  :

e.g.           I haven’t been busy lately.

Have you seen Anton lately ?

3.4.9    LOUD   is commonly used with the verb TALK, SPEAK, SHOUT,  and LAUGH :

e.g.           Don’t talk so loud, you will wake the people up!

Who laughed the loudest ?

* Compare to this adverb

LOUDLY  is more usual with other verbs :

e.g.          He called loudly for help.

Someone knocked loudly at the door.

3.4.10       MOST  means “ very “ ( in rather formal ) :

e.g.           Which part of the concert did you like most ?

What pleases me most is that he will come to see me.

You are a most unusual person.

* Compare to this adverb

MOSTLY  means “ almost all or generally “ :

e.g.           My best friends are mostly priests.

This medicine is mostly sugar and water.

3.4.11       RIGHT  means “ exactly, directly or all the way “ :

e.g.          Put it right in the middle !

Go right to this winding road and then turn left !

* Compare to this adverb

RIGHTLY  means “ correctly “ :

e.g.   Act right (ly) !

You guessed right (ly).

3.4.12       SHARP   means  :

  1. “ punctually “

e.g.          The meeting will begin at seven sharp.

The ceremony was opened at five o’clock sharp.

  1. “ suddenly  “

e.g.           Turn sharp to the left,  and you will see the building !

  1. “ above the true pitch ( music )  “

e.g.           Please, sing sharp. Your voice is too prominent.

* Compare this adverb

SHARPLY  means “ severely or harshly “ :

e.g.          He spoke too sharply to her.

That strange man looks sharply at me. I’m afraid.

3.4.13       WIDE  is the normal adverb :

e.g.           Open your mouth wide!

He was wide awake when the accident happened.

* Compare to this adverb

3.4.14  WIDELY   means “ at wide interval, or over a large area “  and is usually used before past participle:

e.g.         He has traveled widely.

The dust has been widely scattered.

GRAMMAR